自杀未遂青少年自杀污名体验的质性研究

Qualitative research on stigma experience of adolescents who attempted suicide

目的深入了解自杀未遂青少年患者的污名化体验,为帮助自杀未遂青少年患者心身康复提供参考。方法采用解释性现象学研究方法,选取2022年3~12月有自杀未遂经历的15例青少年患者进行半结构式访谈,使用Colaizzi 7步分析法提炼主题。结果共提炼出3个主题和9个亚主题,即自我污名负性情绪体验(羞耻与自责,绝望与愤怒),公众污名负性体验(家人不理解加深羞耻和愤怒,老师、同学反应和期待有落差,网友言语冲击感受失落),负性体验后的消极应对(自我表露意愿低,产生再自杀想法,回避专业帮助,回避正常人际交往)。结论自杀未遂青少年有强烈的自我污名负性情绪和公众污名负性情绪,由此产生消极应对。因此,应积极调整自杀未遂青少年对污名的片面认知,改善其应对污名的方式,促进自杀未遂青少年身心的康复,防止再自杀的发生。

Objective To deeply understand the stigma experience of adolescents with suicide attempts,so as to provide reference for psychosomatic rehabilitation of these adolescents.Methods Using hermeneutic phenomenological approach,we selecte 15 adolescent patients who had attempted suicide during March and December 2022 for semi-structured interviews.Colaizzi′s seven-step analysis method was used to extract themes.Results A total of 3 themes and 9 sub-themes were extracted,namely,negative emotional experience of self-stigma(shame and self-blame,despair and anger),negative experience of public stigma(family members′misunderstandings deepened shame and anger,feeling a gap between the feedback of teachers and classmates and adolescents′own expectations,feeling dejected by netizens′verbal abuses),negative coping after negative experience(poor intention of self-disclosure,re-suicidal thoughts,avoidance of professional help,avoidance of normal interpersonal interactions).Conclusion Adolescents with suicide attempts have strong negative emotions of self-stigma and public stigma,which lead to negative coping.Therefore,we should actively adjust the one-sided perception of stigma among adolescents with suicide attempts,improve their ways of coping with stigma,promote physical and mental rehabilitation of adolescents with suicide attempts,and prevent the occurrence of re-suicide.