中国特色韧性城市的经验探索与未来趋势——从唐山地震到汶川地震

Experience Exploration and Future Trend of Resilient Cities With Chinese Characteristics——From Tangshan Earthquake to Wenchuan Earthquake

城市作为人类生产生活的主要聚集区域,始终面临着地震、暴雨、台风等各类自然灾害的威胁,以系统的观点加强城市防灾减灾的研究,是土木工程学科所面临的重要课题。韧性城市作为近年来城市防灾减灾领域的新概念,是指城市面临各种自然灾害和人为冲击时,作为一个有机体能够保障居民基本生活的需求并迅速恢复其功能。该文以中国城市防灾减灾史中的2次标志性事件(唐山地震和汶川地震)为依据,通过对系列灾害调查报告的深入分析,以韧性城市的全新视角,详细梳理了2次灾害中城市破坏和恢复的全过程,进行了如下工作:1)从系统的层次重新定义了城市,界定韧性城市的基本概念和量化方式、基本维度和基本特征;2)明确城市灾后恢复的基本过程和功能恢复曲线;3)揭示城市灾后空间分布的异化现象与内在机理;4)讨论了城市生命线工程灾后恢复的基本过程和相互耦合现象;5)进一步明确未曾得到重视的特殊基础设施系统。该文不仅以事实为依据,系统总结了唐山地震和汶川地震中我国在城市防灾减灾领域的经验探索和巨大成就,同时亦可为未来建设有中国特色的韧性城市研究体系和实践体系,提供了有效借鉴。

As the main concentration area of human production and living,cities are always facing the threat of various natural disasters such as earthquakes,rainstorms,and typhoons.Strengthening the research on urban disaster prevention and reduction from a systematic point of view is an important subject for civil engineering discipline.As a new concept in the urban disaster prevention and reduction in recent years,resilient cities refer to cities that can ensure the basic living needs of residents and quickly restore their functions after various natural disasters and man-made shocks.Based on the two landmark events in the history of urban disaster prevention and reduction in China,the Tangshan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake,this paper conducted an in-depth analysis of a series of investigation reports on the disasters and thoroughly studied the entire process of urban destruction and recovery from the perspective of resilient city.The following work is done:1)defining the city from a systemic perspective,defining the basic concepts and quantification methods,basic dimensions and basic features of resilient city;2)clarifying the basic restoration process and the recovery curves after disasters;3)revealing the phenomenon and intrinsic mechanism of spatial differentiation after urban post-disaster;4)discussing the basic restoration process and coupling characteristics of urban lifeline systems;5)suggesting some special infrastructure systems that have not received attention.Based on the facts,this paper not only systematically summarizes China's experience,exploration,and great achievements in the field of urban disaster prevention and reduction in the Tangshan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake,but also provides an effective reference for building a research and practice system for resilient cities with Chinese characteristics in the future.