灌区的风景:国土空间开发视野下的传统风景营建

Landscape of the Irrigation Districts:Traditional Landscape Camping in the Perspective of Territorial Spatial Development

囿于我国气候及地形地貌因素,对水资源进行时空调配及管理是农业生产发展的必要条件,由此发展出以灌溉和调蓄为主的水利工程,形成了以人工控制流量和水位的水文流域单元——灌区。经过数千年的发展,灌区已成为我国以农业为基础的国土空间开发基本模式。首先简述我国灌区的形成及发展、确定陂塘灌区、堰坝灌区和泉(井)灌区这3种基本类型、分布和特征,在此基础上分析其对风景审美及风景营建的影响。然后以北京三山五园为例,剖析其农业生产、聚落布局、园林营建皆与水利系统密切相关,是具有陂塘灌区和泉(井)灌区特征的国土空间开发的案例。最后,横向对比英国与伊斯兰造园体系,论述不同地区迥异的地理和水文条件塑造了以农业为主导的国土空间开发方式,并进一步影响了传统的风景营建。文章为理解我国传统的风景营建方式提供了新视角,有助于其进一步的保护与发展。

Due to the climatic and topographical factors in China,spatial and temporal allocation and management of water resources were necessary for the development of agricultural production in ancient agricultural societies,which led to the development of irrigation and storage based water conservancy projects and the formation of irrigation districts,hydrological basin units with artificial control of flow and water level.After thousands of years of development,irrigation districts have become the basic mode of spatial development of the vast national territory based on agriculture in China.This paper first briefly discusses the formation and development of irrigation districts in China,identifies the three basic types of irrigation districts:Pei Tang Irrigation District,Weir Irrigation District and Spring(Well)Irrigation District,and the distribution and respective characteristics of these three types of irrigation districts,and on this basis analyzes their influence on landscape aesthetics and landscape construction.Pei Tang Irrigation District has developed lake landscape patterns correspondingly,such as Liangzhu Pei Tang System,Yuhang South Lake and Hangzhou West Lake,which were built in different historical periods in the west plain of Hangzhou.Weir and dam irrigation areas correspond to the water mouth landscape pattern,and weir and dam irrigation areas may have greatly contributed to the development of traditional kanji,transforming the geographical space chosen for instinctive survival into a human living environment with clear cultural meaning and operation pattern,such as the Tongjiyan irrigation area in Zhejiang;spring(well)irrigation areas correspond to the pond and pond landscape pattern.In North China,there is a huge area with deep limestone strata,which has developed karst springs with wide distribution,high concentration,large storage capacity and strong regulation function,such as Jinshui Irrigation District with a long history of development;then,taking Beijing’s Three Mountains and Five Gardens as a typical case,it analyzes that its agricultural production,settlement layout and garden construction are all closely related to the water conservancy system,and it is a national landscape with a water system construction as a vein and mixed characteristics of Pei Tang Irrigation District and Spring(well)Irrigation District.It is a comprehensive case of national spatial development with mixed characteristics of water system construction,and shares the common construction principle with irrigation district:under the premise of satisfying production irrigation demand and water resources storage,a series of elements such as gardening,religious rituals,poems and songs,and flag camps are integrated around water system construction,which can be regarded as the epitome of traditional national spatial development based on hydrology closely integrated with daily life.Finally,from Tong’s viewpoint,agriculture led by cultivation has been the economic foundation of our traditional society for thousands of years,and the phrase“the fields and gardens are called the same,and they belong to the same greenery”indicates the same origin of the fields and gardens,and the agricultural production mainly in the irrigation area and the traditional landscape construction have the same formal origin.Therefore,the long history of irrigation agriculture in China has largely shaped the national space,formed the unique landscape aesthetics,influenced the traditional habitat pattern,and contributed to the formation of a specific landscape creation style.The article also draws a horizontal comparison between the English and Islamic gardening systems,and discusses that the very different geographical and hydrological conditions in different regions have shaped the different agriculture-oriented ways of developing the national space in each region,and further influenced the corresponding traditional landscape construction in each region.The article provides a new perspective for understanding the traditional landscape architecture in China and contributes to its further preservation and development.