政府犯罪预防政策主导的社区环境安全规划设计经验及启示

Crime Prevention Through Safety Planning Based on Government Strategies:Experience and Practice

环境安全规划设计无疑是舒缓城市治安管理压力的有效途径,然而我国城市建设对安全规划设计的关注较少。通过对国际基于政府犯罪预防策略主导的社区环境安全规划设计经验的剖析,提炼不同国家应用安全规划策略的共性特点。从犯罪预防法规政策、国家预防犯罪委员会的统筹作用、城市规划部门职能、公众参与设计4个方面,梳理并介绍北美、英国、北欧、东亚等多个国家和地区环境安全规划设计实践的经验,以期为我国城市规划设计预防犯罪工作提供有益参考借鉴。针对我国层级式公共安全管理的效能衰减和损耗问题,本研究拟从制定多层级的犯罪预防法规政策、建立国家预防犯罪委员会、确定城市规划部门的预防犯罪职能、提倡多方合作和公众参与4个方面,总结国际经验对我国环境安全规划设计实践的有益启示和借鉴。

Environmental safety planning and design is undoubtedly an effective way to relieve the pressure of urban security management,yet less attention has been paid to safety planning and design in China’s urban construction.By analyzing the international experience of community environmental safety planning and design based on government crime prevention strategies,the common features of safety planning strategies applied in different countries are extracted.This paper attempts to sort out the experience of international environmental safety planning and design practice from four aspects,including crime prevention legislation and policy,the headquarters role of the National Crime Prevention Council,the role of urban planning on crime prevention,and public participation in design.This paper also provides useful reference for the crime prevention practice of urban planning and design in China.Firstly,in view of the obvious differences in economic,social and spatial structures between urban and rural areas in China,the multi-level crime prevention regulations and policies of European and American countries have a strong significance for China’s environmental safety planning and design practices.A top-down regulatory policy is conducive to determining the strategic direction of crime prevention in line with China’s national conditions and formulating basic national crime prevention guidelines,while promoting communication and cooperation among cities,counties,townships,community neighborhood committees,and village committees at multiple levels,thereby providing support for the development and implementation of specific local crime prevention strategies.In addition,multi-level regulations and policies should not be limited to the spatial level of safety planning and design,but should also involve social security management,community policing,public participation,and other elements that affect the implementation of specific crime prevention strategies.Secondly,to address the problem of decay and attrition in the effectiveness of our hierarchical public safety management,a multi-layered crime prevention regulatory policy should be developed.Long-term practice in various countries shows that multi-level crime prevention regulations and policies for urban planning can effectively guide and promote the development of environmental safety planning and design practices.Firstly,the strategic direction of crime prevention can be set at the national level,with clear crime prevention goals at the regional or local level,emphasizing the implementation priorities of safe environmental planning and design practices.Secondly,local governments should mandate that real estate developers and designers incorporate crime prevention strategies into relevant urban public space design guidelines to emphasize the utility of safe environmental planning and design practices.Finally,criminal justice departments should also provide guidance on crime prevention principles and strategies for urban planning efforts and assist urban planning departments in optimizing environmental safety planning and design measures to meet relevant standards.In addition,the implementation of strategies related to urban safety planning and design guidelines can only be ensured with the guarantee of multi-level crime prevention regulations and policies.Thirdly,at present,China’s security planning and design practices are weak,and there is an urgent need to build a crime prevention system for urban planning and design.The National Crime Prevention Council can realize the coordinating role of“knowledge center”,which is conducive to promoting the development of crime prevention work,such as cooperating with criminal justice and other government departments to formulate crime prevention laws and policies,cooperating with universities and other academic institutions to prepare relevant environmental design crime prevention guidelines,and providing professional technical support and financial subsidies for government departments at all levels,as well as technical support and financial subsidies for government departments at all levels.Fourthly,the urban planning department can effectively control urban spatial forms and formulate urban development policies,and has the advantage of influencing human behavior and perception through physical environment transformation.Therefore,in the process of building the crime prevention system,the urban planning department should be given and strengthened the coordinating role in formulating social security control and environmental improvement strategies.For example,at the early stage of the security environment planning and design project,the urban planning department should coordinate the traffic and municipal departments to jointly develop the security environment planning and design strategy.The coordinating role of urban and rural planning departments can effectively promote the judicial system,criminal policy,urban and rural planning multiparty cooperation,and effectively play a guiding role in the practice of security environment planning and design.In response to the decaying effectiveness and attrition of our hierarchical public safety management process,it summarizes the useful inspiration and reference of international experience(mainly from North America,the United Kingdom,Northern Europe,and East Asia)for China’s environmental safety planning and design practice from four aspects:the formulation of multi-level crime prevention laws and policies,the establishment of National Crime Prevention Councils,the crime prevention function of urban planning departments,and the promotion of multi-party cooperation and public participation.