黄庭坚诗歌禅意审美的中日韩比较研究

A comparative study of Zen-inspired aesthetics in Huang Tingjian's poetry from the perspectives of China,Japan and South Korea

儒道思想一直是黄庭坚诗歌的思想底色,并影响了他的诗学观和诗歌创造风格,加之他深谙禅道,他的诗歌渗透着禅思之美、禅悟之美和混成之美。以禅喻诗、以诗喻禅,黄庭坚的诗歌就是诗禅相通的生动写照。他的诗歌在日韩得到了广泛的传播、研究和借鉴。日本诗话对黄庭坚诗歌有三种态度:一为推崇,认为他的诗歌细微处感悟妙理;二为褒贬各一,认为“美则美矣,不能无疵”;三为贬损,认为与李杜相比,“黄则稍落魔道矣”。韩国汉诗“学黄”境界可以分为四个层次:一是以黄诗为楷模;二是“可与苏黄颉颃”;三是学黄而又“自出机轴”;四是反对其“以文字为诗,以议论为诗,以才学为诗”。与日本诗话相比,黄庭坚对韩国诗歌产生的影响更大。中日韩学者都认为黄庭坚诗歌的自然观不再是对自然之美的忠实描写,而是注入了他对生活的浓厚兴趣和禅意审美,北宋儒释道融合的时代思潮和审美情趣在黄庭坚诗歌中得到了很好的折射。

Confucian and Taoist thoughts have always been the underlying theme of Huang Tingjian’s poetry,influencing his poetic views and creative style.Coupled with his deep understanding of Zen Buddhism,Huang’s poetry permeates with the beauty of Zen contemplation,Zen enlightenment,and a harmonious fusion.By using Zen to illustrate poetry and vice versa,Huang Tingjian’s poetry is a vivid portrayal of the connection between Zen and poetry.His poetry has been widely disseminated,studied,and referenced in Japan and South Korea.Ancient Japanese literary discussions exhibit three different attitudes towards Huang’s poetry:1)admiration,recognizing the subtle insights and exquisite reasoning in his poems;2)ambivalence,acknowledging its beauty while pointing out the imperfections;and 3)criticism,arguing that compared with renowned poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu,Huang’s work falls slightly into a realm of sorcery.The studies of Huang in South Korean classical poetry can be categorized into four levels:using Huang’s poetry as a model,being on par with Su Shi,incorporating personal creativity while studying Huang,and opposing the notion of employing prose,discursive elements,or mere talent in poetry composition.In comparison to ancient Japanese literary discussions,Huang Tingjian’s influence on South Korean poetry is deemed more significant.Scholars from China,Japan and South Korea concur that Huang Tingjian’s perception of nature in his poetry goes beyond faithful descriptions of natural beauty,incorporating his profound interest in life and Zen-inspired aesthetics.His poetry effectively reflects the intellectual and aesthetic trends of the era,integrating Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism during the Northern Song Dynasty.