传续与突围: 近代知识分子身份重构的双重理路——基于定县实验的个案考察

Continuation and Breakthrough:The Dual Rational Approach in the Identity Reconstruction of Modern Intellectuals——A case study based on Dingxian experiment

近代以来,西学东渐之势日盛,加之科举制废除,传统士绅的职业继替遭遇“现代性危机”,“到民间去”成为重塑自我角色和身份秩序的新出路,一个身兼“过渡性身份”的社会知识团体渐成雏形。基于此背景,定县实验开创了知识分子与民间相结合的探索进路。他们一方面与传统士绅在“学而优则仕”的政治依附和“忧国忧民”的家国情怀上有着无法割断的“历史延续性”,另一方面又通过知识结构、身份地位,以及实践方法等路径进行创造性突围,最终形成集“介入旁观者、致用知识担当者及民族再造者”等角色为一身的新精英群体。通过传续与突围双重理路的共同作用,促发了传统士绅的退场,促成了现代知识分子的成型和登场,显现出明显的时代性、实践性和过渡性等特征,“在民间”成为重构这一群体身份的重要尝试。

Since modern times,with the popularity of western knowledge and abolition of imperial examination system,the career succession of traditional gentry has encountered“modern crisis”.While“among the commoners”becomes a new way to reshape self-role and identity order,a social intellectual group with a“transitional identity”has gradually taken shape.Under this background,Dingxian experiment creates an exploration approach that relates intellectuals with commoners.On the one hand,they makes“historical continuation”with the political attachment of“being an official when becoming knowledgeable”and the national concern of“country and people”as the traditional gentry.On the other hand,they makes creative breakthrough with knowledge structure,status and practical methods to form a new elite group integrating the roles of“intervening bystander,practical intellectual and national re-constructor”.Characterized by times,practice and transition,the dual rational approach of succession and breakthrough has promoted the exit of traditional gentry and the appearance of modern intellectuals while“among the commoners”has become an important attempt to reconstruct the identity of this group.