有组织犯罪违法所得共同处置措施的规范化构造

Standardized Structure of Measures for the Joint Disposal of Illegal Gains of Organized Crime

我国《刑法》第六十四条涵盖了共同追缴、责令共同退赔、共同返还与共同没收四种处置措施。在有组织犯罪中,司法实践常以继续追缴、继续退赔、没收等笼统方式代替共同处置措施的适用,呈现出重“涉案性”、轻“主体性”倾向,不利于保护公民、组织的合法财产。原因在于,司法实践忽视有组织犯罪成立条件与共同处置措施适用条件之间的差异,致使共同退缴责任的判断标准杂乱无章,难以形成统一适用标准。在肯定共同处置措施形式合法性与实质合理性的基础上,应以共同退缴责任为核心,明确共同退缴责任的前提、标的物、要件、法律后果,规范地适用共同处置措施。

Article 64 of China’s Criminal Law covers four disposal measures:joint recovery,ordering joint restitution,joint return and joint confiscation.In organized crime,judicial practice often replaces the application of joint disposal measures with general methods such as continued recovery,continued restitution,and confiscation,showing a tendency to emphasize“case-involvement”over“subjectivity”,which is not conducive to protecting the lawful assets of citizens and organizations.The reason lies in the fact that judicial practice ignores the differences between the conditions for the establishment of organized crime and the conditions for the application of joint disposal measures,resulting in a chaotic judgment standard for joint return liability,and it is difficult to form a unified application standard.On the basis of affirming the formal legality and substantive rationality of the joint disposal measures,the joint return responsibility should be taken as the core,the premise,subject matter,requirements,and legal consequences of the joint return liability should be clarified,and the joint disposal measures should be applied in a standardized manner.