马克思唯物史观中的道德及其演进——以资本主义道德批判为中心

Morality and Its Evolution in Marx's Historical Materialism——Take the Capitalist Moral Criticism as the Center

在马克思的唯物史观中,道德被还原于作为“物质生活关系”的社会场域,这既决定了道德作为一种观念上层建筑在根本上是经济关系在意识形态上的反映,同时也意味着它的演进只能在不断发展的历史维度中才能得到真正的审定。在此,资本主义道德批判揭示出的正是这一维度:一方面,受社会结构“基础”与“上层”的二分法宰制,道德演进服从于社会进步的整体趋势,但在具体的运动逻辑中,二者实际上呈现出更多的互动;另一方面,道德演进与社会进步之间并不构成“悖反”,而是一种曲折的矛盾统一,它们在历史唯物主义的辩证运动中既实现了自身,也推动了对方,最终达成了某种“和解”。

In Marx's historical materialism,morality is reduced to the social field as a“material life relationship”,which not only determines that morality,as a superstructure of ideas,is fundamentally a reflection of economic relations in ideology,but also means that its evolution can only be truly examined and approved in the continuous development of historical dimension.Here,capitalist moral criticism reveals this dimension for us:On the one hand,it is dominated by the dichotomy of“foundation”and“upper class”of social structure,and moral evolution is subject to the overall trend of social progress,but in the specific logic of movement,the two actually show more interaction.On the other hand,moral evolution and social progress do not constitute a“contradiction”,but a tortuous unity of contradictions.In the dialectical movement of historical materialism,they not only realize themselves,but also promote each other,and finally reach a“reconciliation”.