书写与杂戏:唐代参军戏综论

Playbooks and Poly-Drama:A Comprehensive Review of“Can Jun Xi”in Tang Dynasty

综合近百年来学术界对唐代参军戏的两个阶段、两种学术观念的研究,有利于人们全面认识参军戏的历史。一方面是对书写传统的知识考掘:《乐府杂录》的重新校订,将参军戏与俳优区分开来,其名称的确定要晚至8世纪初;对“伶正”“撰词”“韶州参军”等概念的考释,可以确认参军戏的戏本内容、运用的语言以及文体形式与佛经的关系;进而,文章指出唐人小说之中保存着戏本的痕迹。另一方面是从声音传统的观察:参军戏留存于中国的民间小戏之中,已经有1200多年的历史;唐代参军戏的本源,是一种来自中亚的胡戏,是融合了戏弄、唱词与歌舞的综合形态。

The academic research on the"Can Jun Xi"in the Tang Dynasty has gone through two stages.The first stage mainly focuses on the local literature handed down from generation to generation.It is believed that the "Can Jun Xi"developed from the banter of "Pai You",with the addition of songs and dances,and there may be a "playbook".In the second stage,the field of vision was extended to the folk Nuo opera and the foreign Hu music,and the source of"Can Jun Xi"was pointed out respectively.A comprehensive study of the concepts and perspectives of the two stages will be conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the history of"Can Jun Xi".For one thing is to write traditional knowledge:the re-revision of Yuefu ZaLu,which distinguishes"Can Jun Xi"from"Pai You",and its name was determined as late as the beginning of the 8th century;the textual research on the concepts of"Ling Zheng""Zhuan Ci"Shao Zhou Can Jun"and so on confirms the relationship between the content,language and style of the"script"of"Can Jun Xi"and the Buddhist scriptures;furthermore,it points out that there are traces of "playbooks"preserved in the novels of the Tang Dynasty.For another thing,from the perspective of sound tradition,"Can Jun Xi"has been preserved in Chinese folk operas for more than 1200 years;the origin of the "Can Jun Xi"in the Tang Dynasty is a Hu opera from Central Asia,which has a comprehensive form of teasing,singing and dancing.