塑德与控身:传统家庭慎德教育的身体规训

Morality Cultivation and Body Control:Physical Discipline Hidden in Traditional Family Moral Education

慎乃传统社会极为重视的道德品质,亦为家庭教育的关键内容,故长辈重视塑子慎德。但是长辈在特殊情况下亦行毁弃子孙身体之举,以“全道义”或“正门庭”。家庭慎德教育背后隐匿着长辈对子孙身体的支配与操控,此种身体规训的特质有二:一为“塑德”,长辈诫子慎独自律、慎遵礼制,使子孙的精神受道德律及礼法的规训,进而规范其行为并维护社会秩序;二为“控身”,长辈诫子慎从父令,使子孙放弃身体的独立性与私人性,身体直接受父权宰治。观古省今,家长需重视儿童的身体个性教育;研究者需聚焦教育身体史研究,揭开曾被遮蔽的身体世界;亦需放眼儒学文化圈,厘清儒学文化与周边国家民族性格及身体习性的互动关系。

Prudence is a moral character that traditional society attached great importance to as a key content of family education,which is regarded as a“talisman”for a family since prudent morality can help children and grandchildren cultivate emotions,gain a foothold in society,and safeguard themselves.However,it is contingent that elders take disciplining actions to harm the body of descendants,or even abandon them,in the excuse to maintain the mainstream feudal morality and the reputation of a family.The physical discipline was performed in the name of shaping morality,thereby elders admonishing children to self-discipline and abide by the etiquette rules and teachings to standardize behavior and maintain social order,and on the other hand,self-control was taken advantage of to teach sons to obey fathers to give up physical independence and privacy as bodies were subject directly to patriarchal rule.History works as a guide to parenting children’s personality.This study emphasized the study on educational body history to uncover the once-obscured body world,and also on the Confucian cultural circle to look at the interactions of Confucian culture,national personalities and physical habits of surrounding countries.