从“经师”到“人师”——立德树人之时代吁求

From“A Teacher of Classics”to“A Teacher of Moral Cultivation”——The Times of BuildingMorality and Cultivating People

中国自古以来对教师的称谓就有“经师”与“人师”之别,盖有经师易求、人师难得之说,“经师”乃知识之师、专业之师,“人师”乃德性之师、教化之师,“经师”乃为师之必要条件,而“人师”乃为师之充要条件,“经师”由艺臻道后才能成为“人师”。立德树人的实施主体为教师,只有从“经师”走向“人师”,才能真正落实立德树人的根本任务,然“人师”的养成面临现代社会分工更加精细化、功利主义追求现实利益、理性主义忽视美善德性等挑战。“人师”之质,在于胜理行义,将教书与育人真正融为一体,在于经明行修,不仅通晓理论而且德行端正,言教与身教真正合一,在于德行道艺,不但自己明道还要有传道善教的艺术,由此才能真正做到立德树人。

Since ancient times,teachers in China have been called“teachers of classics”and“teachers of moral cultivation”,and there has always been the saying that it is easier to get a teacher of classics than a teacher of moral cultivation.“A teacher of classics”is a teacher of knowledge and a teacher of expertise,while“a teacher of moral education”is a teacher of virtue and a teacher of enlightenment.“A teacher of classics”is the necessary condition for being a teacher,while“a teacher of moral education”is the sufficient condition for being a teacher.And only when teachers of classics improve their skills,can they become teachers of moral cultivation.Teachers are the main body for building morality and cultivating people.Only by moving from“a teacher of classics”to“a teacher of moral cultivation”can we truly implement the fundamental task of building morality and cultivating people.However,the training of“a teacher of moral cultivation”faces challenges such as more refined division of labor in modern society,utilitarianism pursuing realistic interests,and rationalism ignoring beauty and morality.The task of“a teacher of moral cultivation”is to win the truth and practice justice,and truly integrate teaching and education;it is to have a thorough understanding of Confucian classics and possess moral integrity,i.e.not only to be familiar with theory,but also to be upright in virtue,and truly teach by word and example;and it is also to practice virtue and morality,i.e.not only to know the Tao,but also to have the art of preaching and teaching,so as to truly build morality and cultivate people.