中国政治哲学的产生和历史演进

The Emergence and Historical Evolution of Chinese Political Philosophy

中国政治哲学经过长达6000年以上的悠久孕育过程,到春秋时期由老子和孔子分别创立,此后的演进历史大致经历了理论化、经学化、理学化、现代化四个阶段。中国政治哲学理论化的结果是形成了各具个性的政治哲学体系,但它们都深切关注时代问题,积极擘画替代现实社会的理想社会,苦苦寻求济世救民的政治良方,深入探讨理想社会方案的本体论根基。中国政治哲学经学化是中国政治哲学从多元走向一元的政治化、官方化、意识形态化的过程,导致了政治文化专制主义、政治哲学停滞不前、政治哲学思维教条主义化等消极后果。中国政治哲学理学化是宋儒为振兴传统儒家政治哲学作出的最后努力,但它不可能克服先秦儒家尤其是汉儒的局限,更不可能改变皇权专制政治,相反把汉儒所确立的以“三纲五常”为核心的专制主义伦理纲常推向了极端。中国政治哲学现代化的过程是马克思主义政治哲学中国化、时代化的过程。这是一种本质上不同于西方现代政治哲学的中国特色现代政治哲学,其理论基础不是社会契约论,而是唯物史观,其终极追求不是理性王国,而是共产主义。

After a long process of over 6,000 years of gestation,Chinese political philosophy was founded by Laozi and Confucius respectively during the Spring and Autumn Period.Its evolution history has roughly gone through four stages:theorization,Confucian classics,Neo Confucianism,and modernization.The result of the theorization of Chinese political philosophy is the formation of distinct political philosophy systems,but they are deeply concerned about the issues of the times,actively drawing an ideal society to replace the real society,seeking political remedies to save the world and the people,and deeply exploring the ontological foundation of the ideal social plan.The Confucian classics of Chinese political philosophy is a process in which Chinese political philosophy moves from pluralism to unity in politicization,officialization and ideologization,resulting in negative consequences such as despotism of political culture,stagnation of political philosophy and dogmatism of political philosophy thinking.The Neo Confucianism of Chinese political philosophy was the last effort made by the Song Confucians to revitalize the traditional Confucian political philosophy,but it was impossible to overcome the limitations of the pre-Qin Confucians,especially the Han Confucians,nor to change the autocratic politics of imperial power.On the contrary,it pushed the despotism ethics established by the Han Confucians with the core of“the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues”to the extreme.The process of modernization of Chinese political philosophy is the process of sinicization and modernization of Marxist political philosophy.This is a modern political philosophy with Chinese characteristics that is essentially different from western modern political philosophy.Its theoretical basis is not social contract theory,but historical materialism.Its ultimate pursuit is not the kingdom of reason,but communism.