师德传统与现代建构

Traditional and Modern Construction of Teacher’s Virtues

师德是从事教育的人必须遵循的道德规范和行为准则。师德的内涵是随着时代以及特定的空间与时间发生变化的,需要教师与他所处社会中的其他人群共同构建。师德早期起源于教师的自律自求,秦汉“以吏为师”“官师合一”后引入他律,甚至他律超越了自律。传统的师道尊严是以“三纲五常”“仁义礼智信”为基础、“天地君亲师”为内容的等级次序的伦理设定,它是他主、与权威合一、强调服从而不重视道德判断能力的存在。现代师德需要依据社会主义核心价值观,回应社会发展的多重需求与矛盾,建立在人人平等基础上,以创造人类幸福而非培养人上人为教育目标。师德水平的提升主要靠教师自主内求,靠不断提升追求和底线,同时需要政府与社会创设良好的环境。走崇尚良师之路是整体提升师德水平的有效途径。培养出有能力为整个人类文明的福祉服务的学生方能彰显教师的良师良德。

Teacher’s virtues are the moral standards and code of conduct that educators must follow.The connotation of teacher’s virtues changes with the times and spaces,which needs teachers to build together with other people in their society.Teacher’s virtues originated from teacher’s voluntary self⁃discipline in the early days.Heteronomy was introduced after“taking officials as teachers”and“the integration of officials and teachers”in the Qin(221 BC-207 BC)and Han(202 BC-220 AD)Dynasties,and heteronomy even outperformed self⁃discipline.The traditional absolute authority of teachers is the ethical norm of hierarchical order based on the“three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues as specified in the feudal ethical code,”and“benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom and faith,”and taking“heaven,earth,monarch,parents and teachers”as its content.For teachers,this is heteronomy,which integrates with authority,emphasizing obedience and ignoring moral judgment,hence it should not be copied or applied mechanically.Modern teacher’s virtues should be based on the socialist core values,and respond to the multiple needs and contradictions of social development.On the basis of equality for all,the educational objective is to create human happiness instead of making people rise in society.The improvement of teacher’s virtues mainly depends on teacher’s autonomous inward⁃looking,on his or her constant improvement of aspiration and bottom line.At the same time,the government and society need to create a good environment.Revering and admiring good teachers is an effective way to improve the overall level of teachers’virtues.Only by cultivating students who serve the well⁃being of human civilization can we show virtues of good teachers.