“物”与“名”的世界——名家的道德与政治思考

The World of“Things”and“Names”:Moral and Political Thought of the School of Names

先秦名家是先秦诸子百家中重要的一家,具有丰富的哲学思想。但是在近现代学术研究中,学界几乎只关注了他们的逻辑学思想,这是一种巨大的缺失。当我们以道德哲学、政治哲学等多维度的哲学视野来重新思考先秦名家后,可以发现他们一方面以“物”的观念将天地与万物统一化为一个“物”的世界,而天、鬼神等因素不再考虑;另一方面以“名”的观念来对应“物”,从而以“正名”的方法来处理诸种现实问题。在前者的影响下,公孙龙子和惠施共享了“兼爱”“泛爱”的价值观念;而因为后者的原因,他们对现实问题采取了审核名实、注重变法等方法。

The School of Names is an important school in the Hundred Schools of Thought in the pre⁃Qin period,their philosophical thought is profound.However,in modern academic research,the academic circle practically only pay attention to their logic thoughts,which is a huge loss.When rethinking the School of Names in the pre⁃Qin period from multiple philosophical perspectives such as moral philosophy and political philosophy,it is found that on the one hand,they unify heaven and earth and everything into a world of“things”with the concept of“things,”while the factors such as heaven,ghosts and gods are no longer considered.On the other hand,they match the“things”with the concept of“names”so as to deal with various practical problems by the method of“the rectification of names.”Under the influence of the former,Gongsun Longzi(公孙龙子)and Hui Shi(惠施)shared the values of“universal love”and“pan⁃love.”Because of the latter reason,they adopted the methods of checking the name and fact and paying attention to reform to deal with problems in reality.