从基于权利话语的自由到基于“类本质”的自由--马克思早期自由思想的一次转向

From Freedom Based on Discourse of Rights to Freedom Based on"Essence of Class"--A Turn in Marx′s Early Freedom Thought

马克思终其一生都在思考如何实现“人类解放”这一根本问题,而自由与这一根本问题密切相关。《莱茵报》时期马克思基于权利话语为自由辩护,反对封建专制制度对思想自由的钳制。《德法年鉴》时期马克思逐渐走出启蒙传统,确立了从政治解放到人的解放的思想。马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中对自由的理解已经不再停留于争取自由权利这一范围,而是从政治批判走向政治经济学批判,并在实现人的解放这一目的观照下重新思考人的自由发展问题,形成了基于“类本质”的自由观。从关注人的自由权利到关注人的自由发展和自我实现,是马克思早期自由思想的一个重要转向,只有深入理解马克思前后期不同的自由观之间的嬗变逻辑,才能系统地把握其自由思想。

Marx spent his entire life pondering the fundamental issue of how to achieve"human liberation",and freedom is closely related to this fundamental issue.During the Rhine Times,Marx defended freedom based on the discourse of rights and opposed the suppression of freedom of thought by feudal autocracy.During the period of the German French Yearbook,Marx gradually departed from the enlightenment tradition and established a liberation mentality from political liberation to human liberation.Marx′s understanding of freedom in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 no longer limited to the struggle for freedom and rights,but shifted from political criticism to political economic criticism,and under the consideration of the goal of achieving human liberation,the issue of human free development has been reconsidered,forming a view of freedom based on the"essence of class".The shift from focusing on human freedom and rights to focusing on human free development and self-realization is an important turn in Marx′s early liberal thought.Only by deeply understanding the evolutionary logic between Marx′s different views on freedom in the early and late stages can we systematically grasp his liberal thought.