回归生命:基于马克思自然观的伦理省思

Returning to Life:Ethical Reflection Based on Marx's View of Nature

马克思从历史唯物主义的视角出发深刻反思了人与自然之辩证关系,提出了科学的自然观。首先,马克思将自然从形而上学的云端拉回到客观现实世界,说明自然的物质存在基础及可知性,确定了身体是生命存在的物质基础。其次,马克思解释了自然历史观之内涵,阐述了人类实践活动在认识、改造自然过程当中所扮演的关键性角色,强调了物质生产实践是人与自然关系的生命纽带。再次,马克思指出资本主义生产关系的理论基础不过是人类利用自然之“主仆关系”在社会历史发展过程中的翻版,资本逻辑直接导致人与自然关系的不平等、工人生命的不健康、人化自然的不道德。最后,马克思指出只有积极扬弃资本主义私有制,才能够破除人的异化,化解人与自然之间的矛盾冲突。习近平总书记“人与自然是生命共同体”重要论断是21世纪马克思主义理论新形态的重要组成,是对马克思自然观的守正创新,开启了人与自然和谐共生的生命伦理新纪元。

From the perspective of historical materialism,Marx deeply reflected on the dialectical relationship between man and nature,and put forward a scientific view of nature.First of all,Marx pulled nature from the metaphysical cloud back to the objective real world,explained the material existence basis and intelligibility of nature,and determined that the body is the material basis of life.Secondly,Marx explained the connotation of the view of natural history,expounded the key role of human practice in understanding and transforming nature,and emphasized that the practice of material production is the life bond of the relationship between man and nature.Thirdly,Marx pointed out that the theoretical basis of capitalist production relations is only a copy of the development of social historical reality by human beings using the“master-servant relationship”of nature,and the capital logic directly leads to the unequal relationship between man and nature,the unhealthy lives of workers and the immorality of humanized nature.Finally,Marx pointed out that only by actively abandoning capitalist private ownership can we break the alienation of human beings,and resolve the conflicts between man and nature.The proposal of President Xi Jinping's important concept that“Man and nature are a living community”is an important component of the new form of Marxist theory in the 21st century,an innovation of Marx's view of nature,and opens up a new era of bioethics of harmonious coexistence between mankind and nature.