论《民法典》中自甘风险的适用范围与认定标准——基于92份判决的实证考察

On the Scope of Application and Identification Standardfor the Assumption of Risk in Civil Code An Empirical Examination Based on 92 Judgements

《民法典》第一千一百七十六条确立的自甘风险是一项具体且严格限定适用范围的法律规则,“具有一定风险的文体活动”和“因其他参加者的行为受到损害”,从适用场景和行为主体两方面框定了自甘风险规则的适用范围。基于立法目的,对适用范围的法律解释应采严格解释立场。该法条所构建的自甘风险包含主观要件、客观要件和消极要件三个方面,主观要件强调知情和自愿,客观要件强调损害系固有风险现实化结果,消极要件强调行为人非故意和重大过失。对主观要件的认定,应采用“客观标准”推定受害的主观状态;对固有风险的认定,应采用“场地性”标准;对行为人过错的认定,应对犯规行为进行法律评价,只有对损害结果具有故意或重大过失的犯规行为,才能排除适用自甘风险规则。

The assumption of risk stipulated in Article 1176 of Civil Code is a specific and strictly limited legal rule.With“cultural and sports activities with a certain risk”and“damage caused by the actions of other participants”,it is defined in terms of both the applicable scenario and the subject.Based on legislative purposes,the legal interpretation of the scope of application should adopt the strict construction position.The assumption of risk stipulated by this article contains three aspects:subjective element,objective element and negative element.The subjective element emphasizes knowledge and voluntariness,the objective element emphasizes that the damage is the result of the actualization of the inherent risk,and the negative element emphasizes that the actor is not intentional and grossly negligent.For the determination of the subjective element,the“objective standard”should be used to presume the subjective state of the victim;for the determination of the inherent risk,the“premises”standard should be used;for the determination of the fault of the actor,the legal evaluation of the foul act should be made,and only foul act that is intentional or grossly negligent with respect to the outcome of the damage is not subject to the rule of the assumption of risk.