清代新疆镇迪道再探

Rediscussion on the Zhendi Circuit of Xinjiang During the Qing Dynasty

清代新疆镇迪道系由安西道和乌鲁木齐差缺粮务道改置而来,在同治以前的承平时期肩负着内地直省藩、臬两司之任,辖境内既有正式设立的府厅州县政区,也有分防佐贰杂职分担州县的部分职能。同期该道由陕甘总督“统辖”、乌鲁木齐都统“兼辖”,乌鲁木齐都统同时受伊犁将军“节制”。但总督对镇迪道的“统辖”很大程度属于“遥领”,将军对都统的“节制”也流于形式,从而使都统的“兼辖”有了较强的自主性和独立性。道员任兼藩臬,都统职权与直省督抚相仿,形成了一个相对独立的、具有行省性质的特殊政区———乌鲁木齐都统辖区。这种特殊的行政体制被其他面临相似情况的地区援例效仿,有一定借鉴意义。

The Zhendi Circuit of Xinjiang during the Qing Dynasty was formed on the basis of both the Anxi circuit and the Liangwu Circuit of Urumqi.During the relatively peaceful era before the Tongzhi period,the Zhendi Circuit functioned in the capacity of provincial governor and surveillance commissioner.There were formal and hierarchical administrative districts and subofficial defence posts that also functioned as administrative district under its jurisdiction.It was administered by the Viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu,and at the same time jointly liaised to the Urumqi Dutong,while Urumqi Dutong was a subordinate to the Yili General before the Tongzhi period.However,the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu not being based at Urumqi meant that its administration was to a large extent remote,and the Yili General\s control over the Urumqi Dutong was nominal,which made Urumqi Dutong\s administration to Zhendi Circuit rather uninterrupted.As such,the Circuit Intendant took the mandate of provincial governor and surveillance commissioner,and that of Dutong was comparable to Viceroy.The district formed was a special type of quasiprovincial jurisdiction:the Urumqi Dutong,which was relatively independent.This special administration system was imitated in other districts that were facing similar situation for reference purpose.