张岱年论张载神化思想与相关争鸣评析

Commentary of Zhang Dainian’s Research on Zhang Zai’s Shenhua and Related Disputes

张岱年推崇张载,将其作为古典哲学唯物论的重要代表。早在1937年《中国哲学大纲》中,张岱年就强调张载在宇宙本根论上是一种唯物论。1950年代以后,张岱年反复阐扬张载的气一元论唯物思想,认为神从属于气,是气的一种微妙变化。张岱年也指出张载思想中在宇宙论、认识论方面都还有唯心论残余。与张岱年不同,吕世骧、邓冰夷、陈玉森、高羽、周清泉认为张载思想是一种“客观唯心论”。在他们看来,张载思想体系中,神是第一位和根本性存在。无论是以张载思想为唯物还是唯心,实际上只是揭示了张载思想的某些特征。张载思想中的“神”既非形下之物,也非宗教之神或主体之心,同时神也贯通在“物”与“心”之中;神是“一”,又内含着“二”的矛盾性,是变化的动力因。

Zhang Dainian highly evaluated Zhang Zai and believed that he was a representative of materialism among ancient Chinese philosophers.Zhang Dainian emphasized that Zhang Zai was a kind of materialism in the cosmic origin theory in the Chinese Philosophy Outline in 1937.After the 1950s,Zhang Dainian repeatedly explained Zhang Zai's thought of qi(气),thinking that shen(神)was a subtle transformation in qi.Zhang Dainian pointed out that Zhang Zai still has the remains of idealism,such as degrading the xing se(形色form and body)in order to highlight the transcendence of shen,and exaggerate the mystery of de xing zhi zhi(德性之知knowledge of virtue and nature).Zhang Dainian believes that Zhang Zai's thoughts are mainly materialistic,although it's not thorough enough.Different from the above,Lu Shixiang,Deng Bingyi,Chen Yusen,Gao Yu,and Zhou Qingquan believe that Zhang Zai's thought is basically a objective idealism.In their opinion,shen is the first and fundamental existence.Regardless of whether Zhang Zai's thoughts are material or ideal,it actually only reveals some characteristics of Zhang Zai's thoughts.The shen in Zhang Zai's thoughts is neither a thing which is within shapes(xing xia zhi wu,形下之物),nor the heart of the subject or god in religion.Zhang Zai's thought of Shenhua(神化spiritual and transforming powers)originated from Yi Zhuan(易传)and made a new development to Chinese philosophy,which shows the particularity of it.