历史建筑法律保护中的利益冲突与制度调和

Conflict of Interests and Institutional Reconciliation in Legal Protection of Historical Architecture

历史建筑在规范体系的视域下具有非常特殊的法律地位,其所肩负的实现群体性文化权利的社会功能同客观公共利益相互关联。历史建筑自身的特征肌理造就了公私利益冲突的现实困局,其在结果层面导致了公益优位和私益受限,在规范层面则衍化出私权主体的法定义务。对公私利益冲突的制度更多地体现为外在趋近的框架下如何避免私权利益的核心内容遭受不合比例的损害。对此,有必要引入经济上合理性学说。此种概念可以被描述为维持历史建筑的费用支出同由此可能带来的各类收益之间所构成的恰当比例关系。对于支出和收益之间的比例关系需要结合客观情势加以识别判断。为了最大程度地勾勒出经济上合理性的真实面貌,还需要采用类型化的思维方法对于可转让性、可使用性、保有期限、财力状况、主观状态、评估单元等因素加以综合权衡。北京市的地方性立法针对化解公私利益冲突的制度调和并未形成有效的规范供给,以《北京市历史建筑保护利用管理办法(试行)》(征求意见稿)的制定为契机来填补上述漏洞是一条较为可行的解决路径。

Historical architecture has a very special legal status under the perspective of normative system,and its social function of realizing group cultural rights is interrelated with the objective public interest.The characteristic texture of historical architecture itself has created the realistic dilemma of conflict between public and private interests,which has led to the superiority of public interest and limitation of private rights at result level,and evolved legal obligations of private subject at normative level.The institutional reconciliation of conflict between public and private interests is more reflected in how to avoid disproportionate damage to the core content of private interest under the framework of external approach.It is necessary to introduce the theory of economic rationality.This concept can be described as the appropriate proportion of cost of maintaining historical architecture to various benefits that may arise therefrom.The proportion between expenditure and income needs to be identified and judged in combination with objective conditions.In order to outline the real appearance of economic rationality to the greatest extent,it is also necessary to adopt typed thinking methods to comprehensively balance transferability,usability,retention period,financial status,subjective status,evaluation unit and other factors.The local legislation in Beijing has not effectively formed regulative supply for institutional reconciliation of resolving conflict between public and private interests.It is a more feasible way to fill the legal loophole in the above with the formulation of Administrative Measures for Protection and Utilization of Historical Architecture in Beijing(Implementation on Trial).