个人信息保护公益诉讼的程序构造--从损害救济模式向风险防控模式的转向

Procedural Structure of Public Interest Litigation for Personal Information Protection--The Shift from the Damage Relief Model to the Risk Prevention and Control Model

由于制度设计的先天性局限与司法运行的实践理性,当前个人信息保护公益诉讼的程序构造采取事后损害救济模式。个人信息保护公益诉讼对损害救济模式泛化性适用的根源在于:案件线索发现的“刑事化”、公益诉讼运行的谦抑性、侵权责任认定的依赖性。然而,损害救济模式不足以实现公益的全面、全过程保护,个人信息保护公益诉讼的程序构造遭遇理论正当性与实践危机性的拷问。以风险预防原则为理论分析工具,可以发现损害救济模式未遵循《个人信息保护法》的制度理念,亦未审酌个人信息公共利益损害不可逆转的特征。为有效预防个人信息风险,及时制止个人信息公共利益损害,有必要适时转换公益诉讼模式,对个人信息保护公益诉讼进行风险化改造(风险防控模式),以适应该制度体系化发展的需求。

Due to the inherent limitations of the system design and the practical rationality of judicial operation,the current procedural structure of personal information public interest litigation adopts an ex post damage relief model.The root cause of the generalized application of the damage relief model in personal information public interest litigation is the“criminalization”of case discovery,the modesty of public interest litigation,and the dependence on the determination of tort liability.However,the damage relief model is not sufficient to achieve the comprehensive and full process protection of public interest,and the single structure of personal information public interest litigation procedure is under the question of theoretical justification and practical crisis.Using the risk prevention principle as a theoretical analysis tool,we can find that the damage relief model does not follow the institutional concept of the Personal Information Protection Law and does not consider the irreversible nature of damage to the public interest of personal information.In order to effectively prevent information risks and control the damage to the public interest of personal information,it is necessary to change the public interest litigation model and“risk-based transformation”(risk prevention and control model)of personal information public interest litigation in order to properly adapt to the needs of the systematic development of the personal information public interest litigation system.