阳明学中的道家思想

The Taoist Thought in Wang Yangming’s Theory

阳明学推崇“良知”,为一集大成之学问形态,当中集结了历代前贤之文化智慧;其良知学系以孟子为本,同时加入了不少其他文化见解,包括佛学、道家等。在道家方面,阳明尝言:圣人用心如镜而求之当下!此似庄子,而与《论语》要计划未来之要求,相去较远。阳明又有“成色分两”之论,亦似郭象“小大逍遥”之意趣,阳明不在乎分两之大小,而在乎足色。在佛家方面,阳明尝言:“昭昭之天即广大之天。”此隐喻“部分即全体”,而与华严宗“六相圆融”之说相似,所谓椽之部分即于舍之全部。诸如此类,在阳明文献之中可说俯拾即是,可见除了儒家思想,阳明亦深受道家、佛家之影响,其中道家部分值得深入阐释。

This paper makes a brief study of the formation of Wang Yangming's philosophy,which,promoting conscience,is a comprehensive form of learning and a sediment of cultural wisdom of scholars of previous generations.Its "conscience study" system is based on the theories of Mencius,but also incorporates many other cultural insights,including those from Buddhism,Taoism,and Daojiao(religion of Dao).In terms of Taoism,Wang Yangming once said:A sage's mind is like a mirror and his priority is the present moment,which,however,is similar to Chuang Tzu's philosophy,rather than the "Analects",which requires the planning for the future.Wang Yangming's idea of "chengse fenliang"(a man's virtue and capability) is also similar to Guo Xiang's interpretation of "xiaoda xiaoyao"(no difference between small and big in terms of xiaoyao).Wang did not care about fenliang(capability),but rather about chengse(virtue).In terms of Buddhism,Wang once said:"this part of the sky is the vast sky," which is a metaphor for the idea that "the part is the whole",and is similar to the theory of "the integration of six xiang" of Huayan Buddhism,which believes that a part of a rafter represents the whole of the house.Things like these can be found everywhere in Wang Yangming's literature.It is clear that in addition to Confucianism,he has also been deeply influenced by Taoism and Buddhism,and this paper will focus on the influence from Taoism.