论韩国防空识别区实践的法理瑕疵

The Practice of South Korea's ADIZ and Its Jurisprudential Flaws

关于防空识别区具体操作规程,比较清晰的“一般惯例”和“法律确信”尚未形成,亦不存在较为明晰完备的防空识别区“习惯国际法规则”。目前尚难确言韩国防空识别区违反国际惯例,但其在覆盖范围和适用对象上均比较特殊,与国际上“多数派”实践明显不同。韩国防空识别区(KADIZ)设立已久,其近期实践对中国军机活动特有针对倾向,并屡次提出外交抗议,甚至存在“双重标准”。韩国防空识别区规则显然与美国有关“航行与飞越自由”的立场并不一致,而应属于“过度海洋主张”,但美国“航行自由行动”从未将其列为挑战对象,国际社会对其“与众不同”亦缺乏关注。进入韩国防空识别区活动的中俄军机无意侵犯韩国领空,但韩方仍不断“抗议”或表“遗憾”,其似乎意在利用炒作推动防卫监视雷达换代升级,还抱有对中俄军机在该区域活动加以限制的心理预期,并可能欲以韩国防空识别区“实践”范围对中韩海域划界施加影响。

As for the specific operating procedures of the Air Defense Identification Zone(ADIZ),there is no clear"general practice"and"legal certainty",and nor is there a clear and complete"customary international law rule"of the ADIZ.At present,it is difficult to say that the Korean Air Defense Identification Zone(KADIZ)is in violation of international practice,but it is quite special in terms of coverage and application objects,which is significantly different from the practice of the"majority"in the world.The KADIZ has been established for a long time,and its recent practice has a special tendency to target Chinese military aircraft activities,and has repeatedly raised diplomatic protests,even with"double standard".The rules of the KADIZ are obviously inconsistent with the principle of"freedom of navigation and overflight"held by the USA and are the behavior of"excessive maritime claim",but the USA has never listed ROK as the challenge object of"freedom of navigation",and the international community also lacks attention to the"unusual"of the KADIZ rules.The Chinese and Russian military aircraft entering the ROK air defense identification zone have no intention of violating the ROK’s airspace,but the ROK continues to"protest"or"express regret".The ROK seems to intend to use media publicity to promote the upgrading of investment in defense surveillance radar,and also has the psychological expectation of imposing restrictions on the activities of the Chinese and Russian military aircraft in the region,and may exert influence on the delimitation of the waters between the PRC and the ROK within the"practical"scope of the KADIZ.