以煤热解为龙头的煤分质利用技术:回顾与展望

Coal grading utilization technologies based on coal pyrolysis:Review and prospect

发展煤炭清洁高效利用技术对保障国家能源安全、支撑国民经济发展以及实现双碳目标具有重要意义。以煤热解为龙头的煤分质利用技术具有能源转化效率高、碳排放低、水耗低等优点,已成为最具前景的煤炭清洁高效转化利用的技术路线和工业实践方向。系统回顾了国内外煤中低温热解技术的发展历史,从20世纪初至中叶的初期工业化和20世纪60年代—90年代末的深入研究2个阶段,分别介绍了国外煤热解技术的发展历程和应用情况;全面介绍了2000年后,我国在移动床、回转窑、流化床、带式炉、旋转炉和气流床热解工艺方面自主研发的典型技术和工业化进展。煤分质清洁高效转化多联产技术经过十多年的发展,已经形成了煤分质清洁高效转化多联产技术的开发系统,同时基于陕北资源特点建立了煤—油—电—化多联产和煤—盐—油—化多联产模式。着重介绍了陕西煤业化工集团在煤分质利用领域的基础研究、技术探索和工业实践。最后,从粉煤热解的应用基础研究、焦油分质利用技术的发展方向和系统耦合集成技术的开发3个方面对以煤热解为龙头的煤分质利用技术的未来发展进行了展望。建立产品形态更丰富、能耗更低、项目经济性和综合资源利用率更高,低碳环保,多技术集成与耦合的煤分质利用技术是重要的发展方向。

The development of clean and efficient utilization of coal is of great significance to ensure national energy security,support national economic development and realize the goal of double carbon.Coal grading utilization technologies based on coal pyrolysis with the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency,low carbon emission and low water consumption has become the most promising technical route and industrial practical direction of coal clean and efficient utilization.The development history of coal pyrolysis technology at home and abroad was systematically reviewed.The development and application of coal pyrolysis technology in foreign countries were introduced based on two periods,i.e.,the early industrialization in the early to middle of the 20th century and the in-depth research in the 1960s to the end of the 1990s.The typical technologies and industrialization progress of independent research and development in the pyrolysis processes of moving bed,rotary kiln,fluidized bed,belt furnace,rotary furnace and gas bed since 2000 were reviewed.The technology of clean and efficient conversion of coal grading with multiple co-production has undergone more than a decade of development,and a development system for this technology has been established.Based on the characteristics of resources in northern Shaanxi,multi-co-production modes such as coal-oil-electricity-chemical and coal-salt-oil-chemical have been established.The basic research,technical exploration and industrial practice of Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group in the field of coal grading utilization technology were emphatically introduced.Finally,the future development of coal grading utilization technologies based on coal pyrolysis was prospected from three aspects:the basic research on the application of pulverized coal pyrolysis,development direction of tar grading utilization technology,and the development of system coupling and integration technology.It is an important development direction to establish coal grading utilization technology with more abundant product forms,lower energy consumption,higher project economy and comprehensive resource utilization,low carbon and environmental protection,multi-technology integration and coupling.