论效率减损视角下的不履约风险救济——兼谈《民法典》预期违约和不安抗辩权的解释适用

On the Relief of Non-performance Risk from the Perspective of Efficiency Impairment——Also on the Interpretation and Application of the Anticipated Breach of Contract and the Insecurity Suspension Right in the Civil Code

在合同履行过程中因情况变化而使继续履行给一方当事人带来预期外的重大损失时,有必要通过不履约风险救济制度的合理适用,激励合同双方采取妥善的早期减损措施。就预期违约制度而言,当债务人为止损而拒绝履行时,如果债权人所受损失有望得到完全填补且其有明显减损优势,就应限制债权人行使履行请求权并对其损害赔偿额的计算方法进行限定,以激励其及时安排替代交易或停止履行。如果债权人的损失存在不完全赔偿风险,则应根据不同情况,由债权人自行决定是借助不安抗辩权制度提前解约止损,还是拒绝债务人的解约要求并继续执行合同。在处理涉及关系性合同的不履约风险纠纷时,应灵活运用不安抗辩权制度激励当事人协商调整合同关系。在不履约风险救济上强调效率减损,对于实践纠纷的解决具有重要意义。

The debtor may perform a repudiation if circumstances change after the formation of the contract,so that he or she will not suffer significant unexpected losses as a result of continued performance.In practice,the“breaching party’s termination”problem in most cases involves such disputes.In order to reduce joint losses of both parties to the contract,in dealing with such disputes,it is necessary to encourage both parties to take appropriate early mitigation measures through the application of rules of remedies for prospective nonperformance of Civil Code.As far as Anticipatory Breach rules are concerned,where the debtor repudiates the contract in order to avoid losses,the creditor should be encouraged to arrange substitute transactions or to stop performance in a timely manner if the creditor is likely to obtain full compensation for damages and the creditor has an obvious advantage to mitigate.Therefore,the creditor's right to performance should be restricted,and the time when the creditor learns of the debtor’s repudiation should be adopted as the base time for abstract calculation method of damages.If there is a risk that the creditor's damages cannot be fully compensated,the method to address the dispute of repudiation should be dependent on different circumstances:1)If the debtor who lacks ability to pay delays in terminating the contract and thereby causes losses expanded,the creditor may avoid losses by early termination according to Insecurity Suspension Right rules.2)If,due to the difficulties in determining the creditor's damages,the debtor hastily breaches the contract and is attempting to escape the contractual liability,the creditor should have the right to refuse the debtor's request for termination and demand specific performance;the creditor is also entitled to claim for damages of its actual losses without being bound by the duty to mitigate.When dealing with prospective non-performance disputes involving relational contracts,the Insecurity Suspension Right rules should be flexibly applied to encourage the parties to adjust contractual relationship by cooperative negotiation,so that they can jointly get over the obstacles to performance and reduce losses.To emphasis the principle of Joint-Loss Minimization in interpreting and applying the rules of remedies for prospective non-performance of Civil Code is of great significance to the resolution of practical disputes.