论亲子关系否认之诉中诉权主体的扩张——基于子女本位的展开

On the Expansion of the Subject of Action in Claims of Denial of Parent-Child Relationship:Based on a Child-Centered Approach

我国现行立法将亲子关系否认之诉的诉权主体明确限定为父和母,存在对子女利益保护不足的问题。为契合现代亲子法立法理念的转型趋势,尊重子女主体地位,并妥善应对亲子关系否认之诉中的利益冲突,有必要将其诉权主体范围有限扩张至可能的生父以及子女。当子女与法律推定之父不存在实质家庭生活关系,或出现子女权益受到侵害等特定情形,可通过扩张解释肯定可能的生父享有诉权主体资格,并以子女利益保护为中心限制其诉权行使。未成年子女与否认之诉存在直接的利害关系,为贯彻子女最佳利益原则,应当赋予其相应的诉权,并由法定代理人代为行使。同时,也可适度扩张未成年子女在身份关系案件中的诉讼行为能力,并引入程序辅助人制度以提供更全面的保护。成年子女的诉权行使应在与法律推定之父的利益之间寻求平衡。已履行抚养义务的法律推定之父可行使损害赔偿请求权,从生父母处获得赔偿,或者要求成年子女继续给付生活费。

China’s current legislation clearly limits the subject of litigation right in the lawsuit to deny the legal parent-child kinship to the father and mother,and there is insufficient protection for the interests of children.In order to conform to the transformation trend of modern parent-child law legislation concept,respect the subject status of children,and properly deal with the conflict of interests in the lawsuit to deny the legal parent-child kinship,it is necessary to expand the scope of the subject of litigation right to the possible biological father and children.When there is no real family life relationship between the child and the father presumed by law,or there are specific circumstances such as the infringement of the rights and interests of the child,the possible biological father can be affirmed to have the qualification of the subject of litigation right through the expanded interpretation,and the exercise of the right of action can be restricted with the protection of the interests of the child as the center.Children have a direct interest in the denial lawsuit.In order to implement the principle of children’s best interests,they should be given corresponding litigation rights and be exercised by their legal representatives.At the same time,it can also appropriately expand the litigation capacity of minor children in identity relationship cases,and introduce the procedural assistant system to provide more comprehensive protection.The exercise of the right of action of adult children should seek a balance with the interests of the father presumed by law.The father presumed by law who has fulfilled the obligation of support can exercise the right of claim for damages,obtain compensation from the biological parents,or require the adult children to continue to pay the living expenses.