我国隧道钻爆法施工技术回顾与展望

Review and Prospects of Drilling and Blasting Tunnel Construction Technology in China

随着经济的持续发展、综合国力的不断提升及高新技术的不断应用,我国钻爆法隧道施工技术得到前所未有的快速发展。首先,回顾我国隧道钻爆法施工技术的发展历程,并依次阐述湿式凿眼的采用、多臂凿岩台车的引进、乳化炸药的应用、导爆管雷管起爆系统的广泛应用、工业数码电子雷管的应用与推广等5大技术突破;然后,分别介绍钻爆法建造理念与方法(新奥法)、机械化施工配套设备、超长隧道与超长距离通风技术、超大埋深与极端复杂地质隧道施工技术、超长高水压水下隧道施工技术、特大断面隧道与洞群施工技术、隧道超前地质预测预报技术的现状及发展趋势;最后,对隧道智能化建造技术、绿色低碳建造技术等未来建设和发展中亟待解决的问题进行思考,并提出,钻爆法在复杂地质长大隧道施工中具有显著优势,一定时期内仍将是隧道施工的主要方法,今后应着重发展机械化、智能化及绿色低碳建造技术,进一步提升钻爆法的施工效益和建造水平。

With the continuous development of the economy,the improvement of the comprehensive national strength,and the application of high and new technologies,the drilling and blasting(D&B)tunnel construction technology has achieved unprecedented rapid development in China.In this paper,in order to sum up relevant experience for reference in subsequent key and difficult projects,the D&B construction technology is reviewed and summarized,and its future application is prospected.Firstly,the development history of the D&B construction technology in China is reviewed,and five major technical breakthroughs are expounded in turn,including the adoption of the wet drilling,the introduction of the multi-boom rock-drilling jumbo,the application of the emulsion explosives,the wide application of the Nonel detonator initiation system,and the application and popularization of the industrial digital electronic detonators.Then,the concept and method of D&B construction,the equipment matching for mechanized construction,and the state of art and development trend of relevant technologies are introduced,involving the ventilation technology for extra-long tunnels and extra-long tunneling distance,the construction technology for tunnels with extra-large cover and extremely complex geological conditions,the construction technology for extra-long underwater tunnels with high water pressure,the construction technology for tunnels with extra-large cross-sections and tunnel groups,and the technology of advance geological prediction.Finally,the problems that need to be solved in the future,such as the intelligent tunnel construction technology and the green and low-carbon construction technology,are considered.The research shows that the D&B method has significant advantages in the construction of long tunnels with complex geological conditions,and will still play a major role in tunnel construction within a certain period of time.In the future,the focus shall be laid on the development of mechanized,intelligent,green,and low-carbon construction technologies to further improve the efficiency and level of D&B construction.