沉积物古DNA揭示水生态系统中群落演变的进展与展望

Progress and Prospect of Community Evolution in Aquatic Ecosystems Revealed by Sedimentary Ancient DNA

识别和预测环境变化下生物群落演变特征是水生态保护策略制定的关键前提.由于缺乏长时间序列的生态监测数据,如何有效揭示生态系统中物种与群落演变是目前面临的难题.利用沉积物古DNA中封存的物种历史自然资源档案,检测并解译古DNA信息,将提高人们对环境变化驱动的物种迁移与灭绝、群落演变动态、生态系统结构和功能变化的理解.本研究首先介绍了沉积物古DNA技术的原理,并简要概括了从古DNA提取到现有的四大分析方法,以及数据分析等一系列操作流程;随后综述了沉积物古DNA在物种入侵与定殖、物种遗传进化、群落演变和揭示环境压力下生态系统长时间序列变化特征等领域的应用;最后针对沉积物古DNA技术目前存在的问题与缺陷,如古DNA降解、古DNA污染、与其他替代物数据有差异等,整理并总结了目前潜在的解决方案,如统计学模型、多数据源结合、人工智能联用,以期为建立基于沉积物古DNA的水生态系统中生物群落重建提供新技术和思路.

Identifying and predicting the evolutionary characteristics of ecosystem communities under environmental changes is the critical prerequisite for formulating aquatic ecosystem management and protection strategies.However,due to the lack of long-term ecological monitoring data,there are still many difficulties in how to effectively reveal the evolution of the species and communities in the ecosystem.Using the historical natural resource archives of the species in sediment ancient DNA to detect and interpret ancient DNA information will improve our understanding of species migration and extinction,community evolution dynamics,ecosystem structure and function changes driven by environmental changes.This study first introduced the principle of sediment ancient DNA technology,and briefly summarized a series of operation flows from ancient DNA extraction to the four analysis methods,as well as data analysis.Then,the application of ancient DNA in eco-environment fields was summarized,including species invasion and colonization,species genetic diversity,community evolution,and the characteristics of long-term changes of ecosystems under environmental stressors was revealed.Finally,in response to the current problems and shortcomings of sediment ancient DNA technology,such as ancient DNA degradation,ancient DNA pollution,and differences fromalternative data,potential solutions were organized and summarized,such as statistical models,combination of multiple data sources,and artificial intelligence.The results of this study will provide new technologies and ideas for the reconstruction of biological communities in aquatic ecosystems based on sediment ancient DNA.