民用航空器留置权:基础、构造与实现

The Lien for Civil Aircraft:Foundation,Construction and Realization

民用航空器留置权作为航空器权利体系的重要组成部分,我国民航立法却对其采取回避态度。从民用航空器留置权的存在基础来看,该项权利法律确认与规范构造的理由,包括外部国际条约的履约义务、内部法律制度的完善需要以及实践需求的规制回应。从规范构造的视角而言,民用航空器留置权应当定性为特别民事留置权,债权人可以基于一定的法律关系合法占有债务人的民用航空器行使留置权,留置标的物可以为非债务人所有,但需要与债权存在相当的牵连关系。民用航空器留置权的实现,一方面需要将所有权人纳入程序当中,确保其知情权、处分权、代位清偿权得到实现,另一方面需要化解多项航空器权利的冲突,确立优先权、留置权、抵押权的实现顺位,从而为民用航空器留置权的相关权利人提供全面与完善的保护。

As an important part of the property rights of aircraft system,the civil aviation legislation in China has adopted an evasive attitude towards the lien on civil aircraft. From the perspective of the basis of the lien existenceon civil aircraft, the reasons for the legal recognition and normative construction of this right include theobligation to comply with external international treaties, the need for the improvement of the internal legal system,and the regulatory response to practical needs. From the perspective of normative construction, the lien oncivil aircraft should be characterized as a special civil lien, in which the creditor can legally take possession of thedebtor’s civil aircraft to exercise the lien based on certain legal relationships, and the subject matter of the liencan be owned by a non-debtor, but the subject matter of the lien must have a considerable implication with theclaim. The realization of the lien on civil aircraft requires, on the one hand, the inclusion of the owner in the procedureto protect its right to information, disposition and subrogation to be realized, and on the other hand, theresolution of the conflict of several property rights of aircraft and the establishment of the subordination of the realizationof priority, lien and mortgage, so as to provide comprehensive and perfect protection to the relevantrights holders of the lien on civil aircraft.