气候变化诉讼:域外新发展及启示

Climate Change Litigation:New Development in Extraterritorial Areas and the Inspiration

气候变化诉讼是全球气候变化应对中一项“自下而上”的新举措,旨在通过法院介入影响各国气候政策以达到改善气候变化的目的。气候变化诉讼已在全球多个国家被提起,并逐渐成为各国推动政策制定者和市场参与者借以适应与缓解气候变化带来影响的重要工具。特别是在《巴黎协定》实施之后,不管是发达国家还是发展中国家均出现了一系列从人权保障到要求政府加强监管的气候变化诉讼,并不断得到法院的支持。从域外司法实践来看,虽然各国法院对气候变化诉讼案件处理的侧重点不同,结果亦有很大差异,但其或通过解释与适用相关法律,或在具体案件中确认气候变化对公民基本权利的影响,均在不同方面发挥着敦促政府修正气候应对政策和法律的正向激励作用。我国目前虽然尚未有真正意义上的气候变化诉讼,但实践中已出现了碳排放权交易和碳汇交易诉讼、能源替代诉讼以及“准气候变化诉讼”等与气候变化应对相关的案例。根据最高人民法院的气候变化应对案件类型,我国法院采用政府监管与民众监督相融合的诉讼监管路径,今后可从重视检察监督预防功能、强化环境公益诉讼的监管能力,促进公众参与、扩大原告诉讼资格、以损害赔偿入手反向约束企业行为,以及在气候变化诉讼中借鉴国外判例、结合我国实际进行裁判等方面,建立符合我国国情与治理需要的气候变化诉讼制度。

Climate change litigation has been mentioned in many different countries and gradually becomes an important tool for policymakers and market participants to adapt to and relieve the effects brought by climate change.From the perspective of extraterrestrial judicial practice,the emphasis laid by different courts around the world varies,and the same goes to the consequences.However,the effects manifest themselves in different aspects when different courts try to impose influence on fundamental rights of citizens by legal interpretation and application of relevant laws,or by affirmation of climate change in specific cases.Nowadays,although there is no literally-speaking climate change litigation in China,yet from national policies to judicial response of the Supreme People's Court,it is easily perceivable that this issue is of great importance.Therefore,in accordance with national development and great nation responsibility,it is indispensable to explore the necessity and practicability of climate change litigation in China's development combined with its development in extraterrestrial areas.