马克思政治哲学的现实性观点及其社会哲学基础

The Realistic View of Marxist Political Philosophy and Its Foundation in Social Philosophy

当代关于“马克思政治哲学”的争论,主要聚焦于如何从马克思主义的立场出发建构一种规范性理论的问题。如果这种理论建构是可能的,它就需要表现出马克思哲学的特殊性,尤其是其现实性关切。从历史唯物主义的观点来看,任何一种规范性原则的有效性,都受限于两种现实制约条件:它仅在特定的社会形态和生产方式的基础之上才是可设想的;由于这些社会形态的结构性限制,它可能是可实现的,也可能是不可实现的。马克思并不反对一般的规范性理论,而是反对一类特定的规范性原则:它们在使其能够被设想的一切社会形态中,都不可能无矛盾地实现。从这一尺度出发,能够判别马克思政治哲学建构的各种方案的有效性,并指明马克思的“政治哲学”始终要奠基于其“社会哲学”。

The contemporary debates on“Marxist political philosophy”mainly focus on constructing a normative theory from the standpoint of Marxism.If such a theoretical construction is possible,it needs to show the particularity of Marxist philosophy,especially its realistic concerns.From the viewpoint of historical materialism,the validity of any normative principle is conditioned by two practical constraints determining whether it can be realized.The characteristic of normative principles criticized by Marx is that their realization is self-contradictory in all social forms that make it possible to conceive them.From this scale,we can judge the validity of various schemes constructed by Marxist political philosophy and point out that Marx’s“political philosophy”is always based on his“social philosophy”.