从“失位”到“适位”:我国体育非物质文化遗产传承主体困境及其纾解

From‘Being Absent’to‘the Right Place’:The Predicament of China’s Sports and Games Intangible Cultural Heritage at the Level of Inheritance Subject and its Relief

作为中华优秀传统文化重要组成部分的体育非物质文化遗产,在坚定文化自信、推动社会主义文化强国、体育强国建设及提升体育文化软实力方面具有重要作用。然而,其传承长期受限于“人”这一要素,从学界发出的“回归主体”呼吁和“活态传承”的现实需要来看,传承主体失位已然成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。研究尝试性地对体育非物质文化遗产传承主体进行了界定,并阐述了传承主体之于体育非物质文化遗产的重要性,从造成传承障壁的认知层面、加剧传承危机的主体流失和影响传承实践的多重因素3个方面指出了体育非物质文化遗产在传承主体层面存在的失位表现。通过分析认为,体育非物质文化遗产传承主体的失位可以按照“加强认知-增加数量-自觉实践”的逻辑来归正,并以此为基础给出了传承主体走向“适位”的路径:(1)通过提升个体认知能力和群体方面的认知过程构建来增强传承主体的具身认知和观念更新;(2)从自然环境和社会环境两个维度来优化传承环境,实现传承主体的“强基增量”,具体通过原生文化空间的营造唤醒传承主体自觉,通过生产生活空间的复建促进传承主体属地回归;(3)从体育赛事、全民健身公共服务和传承平台整合3方面来激发传承主体的内生动力,从而使其在传承过程中躬身力行。

As a major part of fine traditional Chinese culture,traditional sports and games(TSG)as intangible cultural heritage(ICH)performs an important role in increasing confidence of our own culture,promoting the construction of a socialist country with a strong culture and a sports power,as well as enhancing the soft power of sports culture.However,the inheritance of TSG as ICH has long been limited by the key element of“people”,and the absence of the inheritance subject has become an urgent issue to address,in view of the academic community’s call to“let the subject perform its part”and the real demand for the inheritance of“living heritage”.We made an attempt to define the subject of TSG as ICH inheritance and elaborated on the significance of the inheritance subject to TSG as ICH.The absence of the inheritance subject of TSG as ICH has produced impacts in three aspects:cognitive issues that remain inheritance barriers,the absence of inheritance subject that has aggravated the heritage transmission crisis,and the multiple factors affecting the heritage transmission practice.After an analysis,we believe that the loss of the inheritance subject of TSG as ICH can be corrected according to this logic of“improve cognition-increase quantity-practice autonomously”.Built upon this basis,we proposed the following paths for the inheritance subject to be in“the right place”:(1)Improving the cognitive ability of individuals and the establishment of group cognition process to enhance the embodied cognition and conceptual renewal of the inheritance subject;(2)optimizing the inheritance environment from the two dimensions:natural environment and social environment,to“solidify foundation and increase the quantity”of the inheritance subject;specifically,to awaken the consciousness of the inheritance subject through the creation of native cultural space,to promote the return of the inheritance subject to where they belong through the restoration of production and living space;(3)stimulating the endogenous motivation of the inheritance subject for automatic and conscious inheritance from three aspects:sports events,public services for national fitness,and the integration of inheritance platforms.