人的双重有限性与至善的概念

The Dual Finitude of Human Being and the Concept of the Highest Good

康德在至善的概念中引入幸福,引发了诸多质疑。在康德的伦理学中,人既具有理性的有限性,又具有存在的有限性。这两种有限性有密切的联系,导致康德的伦理学存在着张力。将幸福引入至善的概念中,正是康德重视人的存在的有限性的体现。然而,这也使得康德在一些论述中让人们以为他违背了意志自律的基本原则。实际上,促进至善的义务在客观上并没有增加新的义务,只是在主观上添加了道德的人具有获得幸福的资格与希望。康德在后期可能试图消除人们的误解,在人的双重有限性的张力中,他更突出人的理性的有限性,因为它才是其构建道德的纯粹性的着眼点。

Kant introduced happiness into the concept of the highest good,which aroused many doubts.In Kant's ethics,human beings have both rational and existential finiteness.These two finitudes are closely related,leading tension to Kant's ethics.The introduction of happiness into the highest good is the embodiment of Kant's emphasis on the finiteness of human existence.However,this also makes people think that he violated the basic principle of autonomy in some of his expositions.In fact,the duty to promote the highest good does not objectively add new duties,but only subjectively adds that the moral person has the qualification and hope for happiness.In the later,Kant might try to eliminate people's misunderstandings.In the tension of dual finitude of human beings,he highlights the finitude of human reason,because it is the focus of his construction of moral purity.