民国时期藏族人士对“中华民族”概念与话语的认识和运用

Influential Tibetans and the“Chinese Nation”Concept and Discourse During the Republic of China Era

民国时期,藏族之中较早对“中华民族”概念与话语有所认识的应是当时身处内地的九世班禅及其追随者,以及一些精通汉藏语文、游走于汉藏两地的康巴藏族。这些藏族人士深受孙中山民族主义思想的影响,初步认识了“中华民族”概念,并接受了五族共建中华民族的话语,还通过创办刊物等方式推动了“中华民族”概念与话语在藏族社会的进一步传播。全面抗战的爆发是藏族同胞“中华民族”认同形成的关键,使得他们对“中华民族”概念的接纳与认同超越了地域与派系界限。不过,一些藏族人士对“中华民族”概念的认识与理解并不与主张民族同化的国民党保守派完全一致,他们在相关话语的使用上更注意平衡中华民族的一体与多元。另外,这些藏族人士也意识到,中国共产党关于国家建设的包容性主张更具有吸引力,后者在维护中华民族整体性的同时,始终兼顾到了藏族等少数民族的地位和利益,这在某种意义上解释了解放战争时期中国共产党能够获得国内各少数民族人士广泛支持的缘由。

In the Republic of China era,the earliest understanding of the“Chinese Nation”concept and discourse among notable Tibetans likely originated with the Ninth Panchen Lama and his followers,who resided in inland at the time,and certain Kham Tibetans.These Kham Tibetans were bilingual in Chinese and Tibetan and traveled between Han and Tibetan regions.Impacted by Sun Yat-sen's nationalist ideologies,these Tibetans began to grasp the“Chinese Nation”concept and embraced the discourse surrounding the collaborative construction of the Chinese Nation by five ethnic groups.They also initiated the dissemination of the“Chinese Nation”concept and discourse within Tibetan society by establishing various publications.The commencement of the Second Sino-Japanese War(1937–1945)was pivotal in triggering the identification of Tibetan compatriots with the“Chinese Nation.”This identification prompted acceptance and affirmation of the“Chinese Nation”concept that transcended geographical and factional boundaries.However,some Tibetans'comprehension and interpretation of the“Chinese Nation”concept did not align completely with the assimilation advocacy of conservative Kuomintang factions.These Tibetans strove for a balance between unity and diversity within the“Chinese Nation”in their discourse.Moreover,they recognized the Chinese Communist Party's inclusive approach toward nation-building as more appealing.While preserving the entirety of the Chinese Nation,this approach persistently considered the status and interests of ethnic minorities like Tibetans.This recognition somewhat explains the widespread support received by the Communist Party of China from various ethnic minorities during the Chinese Civil War(1946–1949).