西藏档案馆所藏《八思巴字龙年圣旨》颁发年代考释

Research on the Date of Issue of the Imperial Edict of Dragon Year Written in vPhags-pa Script Collected n the Archives of Tibet Autonomous Region

八思巴字是元帝师在藏文基础上创制的一种古文字,在元世祖诏书中称之为“译写一切文字”的蒙古新字。1995年,《西藏历史档案荟萃》中公布了7份八思巴字蒙古语文献,其中包括一道称之为《也孙铁木儿皇帝颁给斡节儿坚赞的圣旨》,也称《八思巴字龙年圣旨》。之后,在国内外学者汇编出版的八思巴字蒙古语文献中均沿用了上述名称,并注明颁发时间为1328年。文章通过对八思巴字蒙古语圣旨纪年情况的研究,认为该圣旨不属于以传统历法和年号相结合纪年类的元代后期圣旨,而属于元前期采用的单一传统历法纪年的圣旨。结合延祐三年礼部所造“亦思麻儿甘军民万户府印”,认为该龙年圣旨系元仁宗于1316年颁发的圣旨。

vPhags-pa script is an old script based on Tibetan script.It was created by the Dishi(state master)of Yuan Dynasty.In the imperial edict,Emperor Kublai held as a kind of new script,the vPhags-pa script could record and translate any kind of scripts.In the Excellent Collection of Historic Archivesof Tibet published in 1995,seven Mongolian documents writen in vPhags-pa script are released,including the Imperial Edict by Emperor Yesun Temur,which is also called Imperial Edict of the Dragon Year in vPhags-pa Script.After that,the name of the imperial edict has been used in the publications of Mongolian documents written in vPhags-pa script,with indicating 1328 as its date of issue.According to the research of the dates of Mongolian imperial edicts in vPhags-pa script,this paper holds that this imperial edict was unlikely those edicts issued in the late Yuan Dynasty dated in the way of combining the traditional calendar with the reign title,but belonged to those issued in the early Yuan Dynasty dated by the traditional calendar.It argues that the imperial edict of the Dragon Year was issued by Emperor Renzong in 1316.