吐蕃时期敦煌瘟疫考论——兼论“长庆会盟”的历史背景

Research on the Plague in Dunhuang during the Tubo Period Also on the Historical Background of the Changqing Alliance

据吐蕃时期敦煌汉文文献《燃灯文》《置伞文》《行城文》等佛教愿文记载,9世纪初敦煌发生过比较严重的瘟疫。敦煌出土的驱祸避疾伪经《新菩萨经》《劝善经》抄写时间也集中在9世纪初。这两组文书记录了瘟疫爆发时,敦煌吐蕃官吏与普通民众对疾疫的恐惧及从不同立场的应对。与这次瘟疫相伴随的,是同时期、同卷号文书中吐蕃官方对三边休战、与唐朝重结“舅甥之好”的强烈愿望、对回鹘战争胜利的决心。这次瘟疫是“维州之战”后促使吐蕃主动向唐求和,以及结成唐蕃“长庆会盟”的重要因素和背景。“长庆会盟”后,双方都信守盟约,一直到848年张议潮收复敦煌之前都相安无事,保证了河陇地区长时间段的稳定和发展。

According to the records of Chinese Buddhist prayer texts in Dunhuang of the Tubo period such as Burning lamp(Randeng Wen),Setting umbrella(Zhisan Wen),and Patrolling cities(Xingcheng Wen),there was a serious plague in Dunhuang at the beginning of the 9th century.The copying time of New Bodhisattva Sutra(Xin Pusa Jing)and Encouraging Virtue Sutra(Quanshan Jing)unearthed in Dunhuang also concentrated in the early 9th century.These two groups of manuscripts recorded the fear of disease and the response from different positions of Dunhuang Tibetan officials and ordinary people when the plague broke out.The plague was accompanied by Tubo's strong desire for the trilateral truce and to reunite the relationship of"Uncle-Nephew Rapport"with the Tang Dynasty,and also the determination of victory of the war on Uighur,which were recorded in documents of the same period and the same volume number.The plague was an important background and factor that prompted Tubo to take the initiative to seek peace with the Tang Dynasty and form the"Changqing Alliance"after the war in Weizhou.After the Changqing Alliance,both sides adhered to the covenant and were in peace until Zhang Yichao recovered Dunhuang in 848.The Changqing Alliance ensured the stability and development of the Helong area for a long time.