文学理论的价值性难题解决方案

The Solution to Valuation Dilemma of Literary Theory

马克思•韦伯的“价值无涉”强调学术研究的客观性与自律性,体现了在事实之真基础上对人性之真的启蒙性追求,启发文学理论在研究过程中避免外在价值评判对客观事实的扭曲与遮蔽,保持研究的科学性。同时,“价值有涉”是文学理论研究的必然导向,一方面,文学理论对文学对象的特性分析本身就包含着价值评价;另一方面,理论前瞻与实践引导的学科目标也使文学理论需要采用价值性视角。因此,“价值有涉”与“价值无涉”是文学理论发展的必然选择,双方都无法独自满足文学理论的发展诉求,如何实现二者的平衡成为文学理论的价值性难题,我国文学理论界对这一问题的讨论体现出对多元价值标准介入的忧虑。对此,“文学是人学”的观点启发文学理论以复归本真人性为尺度,规约多元价值标准对文学发展的评价,推动人性超越异化,在文学审美中实现升华,达成个人性与人民性的融合,最终实现价值性与科学性的平衡,为文学理论的价值性难题提供了解决方案。

Max Weber’s viewpoint of“value neutrality”emphasizes academic objectification and autonomy reflecting the enlightening pursuit of the truth of human nature based on the truth of facts.It inspires literary theory to avoid the distortion and cover of external value judgment on objective facts in the process of research,so as to maintain the scientific nature of the research.At the same time,“value relevance”is the inevitable direction of literary theory research:On the one hand,the analysis of the characteristics of the literary object itself includes the evaluation of its value.On the other hand,the disciplinary goal of theoretical foresight and practical guidance also makes the valuation principle inevitable for literary theory.Therefore,“value neutrality”and“value relevance”are the inevitable choices of the development of literary theory.Both sides can not satisfy the development demands of literary theory alone.How to realize the balance of the two becomes the valuation dilemma of literary theory.The discussion of this issue in the Chinese literary theory circle reflects the concern about the involvement of multi-value standard.Inspired by the idea of“literature is the study of human”,literary theory regards the return to true human nature as the criterion,regulating the evaluation of literary characteristics by multiple value standards.In this way,the human nature is promoted to transcend alienation and to realize the sublimation in the aesthetic process of literature,and the combination of individuality and commonness is achieved,which facilitates the balance between scientific principle and valuation attitude to be reached,and provides a solution to the valuation dilemma of literary theory.