中国数据跨境调取路径探析——以数据相关主体和存储路径为视角

Exploring the Path of Cross-Border Data Access in China:Perspective on Data-Related Subjects and Storage Paths

特定情况下的数据跨境调取需要在传统的司法互助协定方式基础上补充其他路径。中国在坚持以双边司法互助协定和互惠原则为主要方式的基础上,应从国家安全和个人信息保护两个角度出发,探索更多灵活、便捷的数据跨境调取路径。从数据相关主体角度,当数据请求国拥有合法司法管辖权且获取数据对请求国审理司法案件具有利益时,或数据请求国对数据主体拥有属人管辖权且仅就该主体数据向中国提出请求时,中国原则上应允许调取数据。从数据存储路径角度,当仅在“完全数据本地云”模式下,中国作为数据存储地国时,才有必要结合数据请求国类型对他国数据请求进行实质审查,而在其他存储模式中,则应尊重先前的中立技术手段安排或允许在先存在的信托协议,由此排除部分不需要中国数据主管机关开展实质审查的数据调取请求,实现提高数据跨境调取效率、减轻审查压力、有效推进跨国司法审判的目的。

Under specific circumstances,cross-border data access needs to be supplemented with other paths based on traditional mutual legal assistance agreements.On the basis of bilateral mutual legal assistance agreements or the principle of reciprocity,China should explore more flexible and convenient paths for cross-border data access from the perspectives of both national security and personal information protection.From the perspective of data-related subjects,China should,in principle,allow access to data when the data requesting country has proper jurisdiction and access to data is of interest to the requesting country in hearing judicial cases,or when the data requesting country has personal jurisdiction over the data subject and the request only for the subject's data.From the perspective of data storage path,when China is only the data storage country in the"full storage mode",it is necessary to conduct substantive review of data requests from other countries in conjunction with the type of data requesting country,while in other storage modes,prior neutral technical means arrangements or preexisting trust agreements should be respected,thereby excluding some data access requests that do not require substantive review by the Chinese data authorities,so as to improve the efficiency of cross-border data access,reduce the pressure of review and advance transnational justice effectively.