中国山洪灾害防治政策的演进、特征与展望

Evolution,characteristics,and prospects of mountain flash flood disaster prevention and control policies in China

加强和完善山洪灾害防治工作是全面推进中国自然灾害防治体系和防治能力现代化的重要内容,而科学、精准制定政策是落实党中央精神、推动防洪减灾工作的关键。厘清山洪灾害防治政策演进规律有助于识别政策需求侧与供给侧之间的张力。本文基于北大法宝数据库和政府部门官方网站等渠道,梳理中国山洪灾害防治相关的政策文本,总结提炼中国山洪灾害防治相关政策的演进、现状与规律等。研究发现:①中国山洪灾害防治政策大致经历了初步探索、加快推进、巩固发展以及提升转型4个发展阶段,山洪灾害防治相关政策在不同阶段各有侧重。②山洪灾害防治政策逐步从“碎片化”向“体系化”方向转变,政策理念更加突出以人民为中心,全面、协调、可持续;政策目标从模糊分散转向清晰聚焦,灾害防治对象更加明确;政策工具实现了从强制性政策为主向多样化政策组合转变。基于此,从敏捷治理理念融入、数字化和智慧化转型、多主体协同治理以及韧性乡村建设等方面提出未来中国山洪灾害防治政策实践的可能方向。本文对于中国山洪灾害政策研究与防治实践具有一定的指导意义。

Strengthening and improving the prevention and control of mountain flash floods is an important part of comprehensively promoting the modernization of China’s natural hazard-related disaster prevention and control system and capacity,scientific and precise policy formulation is the key to implementing the spirit of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and promoting flood control and disaster reduction work.Therefore,clarifying the evolution of mountain flash flood prevention policies will help identify the tension between the demand and supply of policies.Based on the online data from PKULAW.COM and the official websites of relevant government departments,the text of China’s mountain flash flood disaster prevention policies were mined,and the current situation and evolution of China’s mountain flash flood disaster prevention policies were summarized and refined.The study found that:(1)China’s mountain flash flood disaster prevention and control policies roughly experienced four stages of development:preliminary exploration,accelerated promotion,consolidated development,and upgrading transformation.The policies related to the prevention and control of mountain flash flood disasters showed varied characteristics at different stages,and each policy has its own focus.(2)The disaster prevention and control policies gradually changed from“fragmentation”to“systematization”.The policy concept is more people-centered,comprehensive,coordinated,and sustainable.The policy objectives have shifted from fuzzy dispersion to clear focus,and the objects of disaster prevention and control have become clearer.The policy tools have changed from mandatory policies to diversified policy combinations.Based on these findings,the possible direction of future mountain flash flood disaster prevention and control policy practice in China is proposed from the aspects of integration of agile governance concept,digital and intelligent transformation,multi-agent collaborative governance,and resilient rural construction.This study has certain guiding significance for the prevention and control of mountain flash flood disasters and policy research in China.