创造性破坏还是创造性提升?重新审视乡村商品化的过程与效应

Creative destruction or creative enhancement?Re-examining the process and impact of rural commodification

旅游驱动的乡村商品化创造了理想化的乡村景观以供游客消费,但在诸多案例中也经常看到因过度开发而对乡村原有的美学景观造成破坏。“创造性破坏”模型在解释与旅游相关的乡村商品化上形成了一种“霸权”,也在一定程度上遮蔽了乡村空间发展的其它可能认知。本文在全面引介“创造性破坏”与“创造性提升”理论的基础上,以黄山市西溪南村为本土案例,经过6次田野考察,证伪与证实了相关命题,并提出修正。研究发现,无论是基于乡村商品化的阶段与现状,还是从乡村商品化中的功能、使用者与表征来看,西溪南村的空间商品化并没有演化为常见的“创造性破坏”,而是“创造性提升”,突出表现为多种景观类型的并存。进一步,总结了“创造性提升”的原因并对其背后的结构性问题进行了反思。研究有助于扩充对乡村转型发展的理解视野,也对“创造性提升”的理论基础做出了有益补充。

Tourism-led rural commodification aims to create ideal landscapes for tourists to consume.However,in many cases it is often seen that the over-development of rural tourism destroys the original aesthetic landscape of the countryside.The‘creative destruction’model derived from this phenomenon forms a‘hegemony’in explaining tourism-related rural commodification,and to some extent it obscures other possible perceptions of rural spatial development.Based on a comprehensive introduction to the theories of‘creative destruction’and‘creative enhancement’proposed by Clare Michell,this paper takes Xixinan village in Huangshan,China,as a typical case to falsify and confirms the relevant propositions through six field surveys.It is found that,whether based on the stage and current situation of rural commodification,or from the perspective of functions,users,and representations,the spatial commodification of Xixinan village did not evolve into a common consequence of‘creative destruction’.Instead,it is entering a state of‘creative enhancement’,showing the coexistence of multiple types of landscapes.The reasons behind are that,firstly,the coexistence of local and external consumption demand enables various functions to be preserved.Secondly,the rural heritage utilization model implemented by the local government has set the strict development direction.The new gentry with cultural complex,historical responsibility and business vision who immigrated to Xixinan village played the role of enlightenment and guardian,helping to strengthen the discourse of protectionism.Thirdly,the strong place dependence and place attachment of villagers to this traditional village reduces the possibility of displacement,which plays an important role in maintaining local consumption and landscape.Meanwhile,along with the problems found in the fieldwork,the structural aspects of political economy behind the‘creative enhancement’are also disclosed.That is,this paper further analyzes the issue of commercial institutions,organizations and dominance in the tourism-related rural commodification of Xixinan village.Structural inequalities in access to resources,exercise of power,and distribution of benefits exist between outsiders and natives.In fact,this is more significant for rural development to truly move towards‘creative enhancement’.It is argued that creative enhancement should not be just a superficial appearance,covered up by rhetoric such as idyll and rural amenity,but a real and inner process.As such,this study helps to expand the understanding of rural transformation development,and also makes a useful supplement to the theoretical basis of‘creative enhancement’.