河南郑州站马屯遗址仰韶晚期人骨的颅面形态

Craniofacial morphology of human remains from the Zhanmatun site of the late Yangshao Period

站马屯遗址位于河南省郑州市南郊十八里河镇。2009~2010年,河南省文物考古研究所对站马屯遗址进行发掘,于西区发现丰富的仰韶晚期秦王寨文化遗存。本文对此次发掘的秦王寨文化遗存中保存较好的45例颅骨(男性25例,女性20例)进行了颅面形态的观察与测量,并与史前不同考古学文化颅骨组做对比。结果表明,在颅面形态上,站马屯组颅骨与郑州地区秦王寨文化的汪沟组、西山组等最接近,与大汶口文化的西夏侯组有很多相似之处,且几组颅骨都存在枕部变形和拔牙习俗;但仰韶文化中心分布区诸颅骨组基本不见以上习俗,在颅面形态上与站马屯组也相差较远。站马屯两性之间有少许差异,男性与江淮地区的龙虬庄组、女性与北方的姜家梁组分别有较多相似性。站马屯组在颅面特征上以共性为主,并有少量差异。整体而言,站马屯遗址人群构成具有多源性和融合性,与秦王寨文化面貌复杂、因素多元的显著特点一致。

The Zhanmatun site is located in the southern suburb of Zhengzhou city,Henan Province,Shibalihe town.From 2009 to 2010,the Zhanmatun site was excavated by Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology with rich remains of the Qinwangzhai culture(3900 BC~2900 BC)were found in the western area of the site.To analyze the composition of human population of Qinwangzhai culture at the site,45 relatively complete skulls(25 males,20 females)were observed and measured.Craniofacial morphology of the skulls was compared with other skull groups of different archaeological cultures in prehistoric age by applying cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of Euclidean distances.Results show that Zhanmatun craniofacial morphology is closest to skull groups of the Qinwangzhai culture in Zhengzhou,such as the Wanggou and Xishan group,and also has many similarities with the Xixiahou group of Dawenkou culture(4200 BC~2600 BC).All these skull groups in the Qinwangzhai and Dawenkou cultures show occipital deformation and tooth extraction.The Zhanmatun craniofacial morphology group differs greatly from groups in center distribution area of the Yangshao culture(4900BC~2700BC).The central distribution area of Yangshao culture and peripheral remains have different connotations and sources.The Qinwangzhai culture(or Dahe Village culture)belongs to these peripheral remains,mainly distributed in the central area of Henan with Songshan Mountain as its center.This may indicate that different archeological and cultural factors may be the reason for the great difference in skull groups in the two distribution areas.Moreover,it means that in about 3000 BC,the influence and expansion of Dawenkou culture on the Central Plains was not limited to the eastern and southeastern areas of Henan,and the spread of culture and migration of people had already extended to the central area of Henan where the Zhanmatun site is located.There are some differences between males and females in Zhanmatun,with males similar to the Longqiuzhuang group in Jianghuai,and females similar to the Jiangjialiang group in North China.The first reason is that the Dawenkou culture,Longqiuzhuang culture(6600~5000 BP)and Dahe village culture have a common source,namely the Peiligang culture(6200 BC~5500 BC).The second reason is that the ancient North China type represented by Jiangjialiang residents reflects genic and cultural exchanges between the ancient Central Plains type in the late Yangshao period and the original residents of the northern Great Wall area suggesting that the genes of the northern people were also mixed into the Zhanmatun population.On the whole,although craniofacial features of Zhanmatun group are mostly common,there are a few differences,and the population composition is of multi-origin and integration that is consistent with obvious characteristics of the complex and multiple factors of Qinwangzhai culture.