国际文件视野下的遗产阐释与展示溯源及发展

The Origin and Development of Concept and Principles of Heritage Interpretation andPresentation from the Perspective of International Documents

《雅典宪章》作为第一份有关历史古迹保护的国际性文件,除对保护技术问题的探讨外,为后续在遗产领域“阐释”概念的出现奠定了基础。从1957年美国学者弗里曼·蒂尔登首次提出阐释定义和原则开始,到2008年国际古迹遗址理事会通过的《文化遗产阐释与展示宪章》,遗产阐释与展示的理论与实践不断得到发展,其内涵外延也随着遗产概念与保护理念的延伸而不断拓展。遗产的阐释与展示自诞生以来就有着明确的目的性,将教育功能置于其工作的核心位置,阐释与展示覆盖的范围、发展方向也随遗产概念和新兴关注方向的演化而调整。作为链接遗产地与公众之间的重要纽带,阐释与展示既离不开对遗产价值的提炼、挖掘与再认识;也离不开对遗产周边环境的理解、对目标群体的探析、对适当方式的选择等。可以说,阐释与展示在遗产保护管理中贯彻始终,不仅链接了遗产的过去,又帮助遗产搭建了通往未来的桥梁,在遗产保护管理中发挥着举足轻重的作用。

The concept of heritage interpretation and presentation has long been discussed.With the innovation in the concept of heritage protection,the definition and principle of heritage interpretation and presentation have changed,with expanded connotation and extension,reflecting the change of the trend and focus of heritage protection and management.Heritage interpretation and presentation is an important link in the protection and management of cultural heritage,and understanding its development plays an important role in enhancing heritage awareness,improving heritage protection and management,and strengthening communication between cultural heritage and stakeholders.In the form of document review,this paper comprehensively reviews international heritage protection charters and guidelines since the promulgation of the Athens Charter in 1931.This paper expounds the role of heritage interpretation and presentation at different stages and its concept,definition and principle,and analyzes its focuses and development process.Since Freeman Tilden,an American scholar,first put forward the concept of heritage interpretation in 1957,the concept of heritage interpretation and presentation has had a clear purpose,with the educational function at its core.With the expansion of the concept of heritage protection and management,heritage interpretation and presentation has gradually changed from an independent educational behavior to an important part that runs through the whole process of heritage protection and management.The Charter on the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites(2008)included a series of issues of methods,objectives and principles of heritage interpretation and exhibition,and reflected the shift of international academia of cultural heritage in respecting community participation and cultural diversity.The establishment of the UNESCO International Centre for the Interpretation and Presentation of World Heritage Sites(WHIPIC)in 2022 indicates that the interpretation and exhibition of heritage has expanded from a single field of cultural heritage to a broader field of world heritage,and changed from the application for all types of heritage to the exploration of application for specific types.This paper believes that as an important link between cultural heritage and the public,heritage interpretation and presentation require not only value mining and re-understanding of cultural heritage,but also the understanding of the surrounding environment of cultural heritage,the analysis of target groups,and the choice of appropriate methods.Giving full play to the function of explanation and presentation is an important channel to promote the development of heritage protection and management to meet future challenges.