超验、仪式与知识话语权的建立——《左传》政治事件中的谣言研究

Transcendence,Ritual,and Establishment of the Discourse Power of the IntellectualCommunity

通过《左传》中记录的谣言可以发现,先秦时期的谣言表现为流言、歌谣、谶语、政治神话等形式。超验性的谣言既由充满危机的社会环境催生,也产生于政治家的意图。知识群体掌握了谶谣的制造、解读能力,从而影响现实政治。在“伯有为厉”等事件中,谣言的传播和应对与内政外交中的祭祀、禳解、聘问等仪式相关联。古代政治家们既利用仪式的传播特征,也利用仪式的象征性或象喻的言语方式,完成现实政治中的权力分配、身份塑造、外交声明等。在超验性谣言的传播与应对中,知识群体通过对谣言的解读宣扬“德”与“礼”的学说,亦可视为建立自己的话语权的过程。

Through examining the Zuo Tradition(Zuo Zhuan),this study explores pre-Qin rumors in the form of gossip,songs,prophecies,and political myths.Transcendental rumors emerged due to both the social environment of crisis and politician's intentions.The intellectual community gained mastery in producing and interpreting prophetic rumors,thus influencing political activities.Bo You's ghost serves as a case study in which rumor spread and response were closely linked to rituals,sacrifice,and hiring in domestic and foreign affairs.By utilizing communication characteristics and metaphors associated with rituals,politicians accomplished power distribution,identity shaping,and international statements.Intellectuals used their knowledge of nomenclature,rituals,and history to interpret transcendental rumors in political activities and establish the doctrine of virtue and rituals.This process can be regarded as establishing the discourse of the intellectual community in the dissemination of rumors and responses to them.