非线性隔振及时滞消振方法研究进展

Review on research progress of nonlinear vibration isolation and time-delayed suppression method

振动问题与人类日常生活和科技发展紧密相关.振动不但会干扰人类的生活、影响人类健康,也会造成建筑物、机械设备和精密仪器无法正常使用甚至损坏.于是,在航空航天、汽车工程、船舶工程、大型结构及精密仪器加工等领域,人们利用弹性元件或控制装置形成有效的振动隔离或消除装备,有效的隔振能够提高人员和装备的安全性、稳定性、可控性和舒适性.现代结构的大型化和复杂化发展,对隔振和消振器的宽频抑振效果提出了新挑战.然而,基于线性理论的设计优化方法在分析和应用中出现了无法调和的矛盾,即,如果要拓宽隔振频带,就必须降低隔振结构的刚度,这导致结构承载能力下降.本文对典型的非线性隔振器高静低动设计方法、动力学建模、动力学分析进行了详细的综述,阐明不同机理下呈现的恢复力本构和准零刚度设计准则,在面向航空航天、精密加工、汽车船舶等领域的不同需求时,能够从动力学特征上进行选型;另外,关注到基于仿生和超结构的隔振和消振设计方法,在非线性恢复力本构的力学机理解释和调控上产生了新的问题和挑战,引发出变刚度、大变形动力学分析及其控制新方法、新策略和实验新技术的研究;最后,随着结构零部件向着轻质化和柔性化的方向发展,运动部件末端的隔振效果受限于部件的柔性,即使通过耦合多层准零刚度结构也难以实现被隔结构在空间上的快速定位,关注到时滞控制的调幅调频机理,本文对时滞抑振原理及设计方法进行讨论,提供时滞抑制柔性低频振动成功案例,为极端工况下的有效、简单、快速的主动隔振消振提供了可能性.未来,基于大数据时代的数据密集型研究范式,非线性隔振和消振技术将面向复杂工况实现更精确、更智能的控制效果,在精密仪器、航空航天等国家重大需求领域实现泛化应用.

Vibration problem is closely related to human daily life and the development of science and technology.Undersigned vibration would affect human health,also cause the failure of buildings,mechanical equipment and precision instruments.In the fields of aerospace,automotive engineering,marine engineering,large structure and precision instrument processing,elastic components or control devices are utilized to form effective vibration isolation environment.Effective vibration isolation can improve the safety,stability,controllability and comfort of human and equipment.However,the design method based on linear theory appears irreconcilable contradiction for applications.The stiffness of the vibration isolation structure reduces for wider band for vibration isolation,which results the decrease of loading capacity.In this paper,the high-static-low-dynamic design methods of nonlinear vibration isolators are reviewed in detail.Based on the dynamic modeling and analysis of nonlinearity induced by different mechanisms,the quasi-zero stiffness design criteria are presented,which provides the selection principle of the kind of isolator in aerospace,precision machining,automobile and ship.Then,attentions are paid on the design methods of bionics and metastructure for vibration suppression,which causes new problems and challenges in the explanation on mechanical bionic mechanism and regulation on the nonlinear restoring force constitutive.The studies on new methods,strategies and experimental techniques are introduced.Finally,faced to the development of lightweight and flexibility of structures,the vibration isolation effect is limited by the flexibility of parts.Even through coupling multi-layer quasi-zero-stiffness structures are assembled,it is difficult to realize the rapid positioning of the isolated structure in space.Considering the amplitude and frequency modulation by time delay,different design methods of vibration suppression with time delay are proposed.Successful cases of time-delayed suppression of flexible low-frequency vibration are given,which provides a possibility for effective,simple and rapid active vibration isolation and vibration elimination under extreme working conditions.In the future,based on the new analysis method according to data-driven,the nonlinear vibration isolation and suppression technology would realize more accurate and intelligent control effect in complex working conditions.