“救赎美国的灵魂”:蒙哥马利抵制公交车运动新探

“To Redeem the Soul of America”:A New Study on the Montgomery Bus Boycott

蒙哥马利市的民权组织和领袖,特别是黑人妇女组织和领袖在1955年至1956年反对公交车种族隔离的斗争中发挥了重要作用。马丁·路德·金作为一个初来乍到的外地人,与蒙哥马利的民权组织没有任何瓜葛,被不同的组织接受。不仅如此,他作为牧师在黑人社区具有一定的影响力,还因受过良好的高等教育和善于演讲而成为魅力型领袖。因此,金被推选为蒙哥马利抵制公交车运动的领导人。在其号召下,蒙哥马利的黑人坚持非暴力斗争,把他们的命运与全世界被压迫民族的命运紧密相连。金声称,蒙哥马利抵制公交车运动是世界人民反殖民主义、帝国主义和种族主义斗争的重要组成部分。他把这一抵制运动塑造成一场“救赎美国的灵魂”运动,为民权运动的发展注入强大动力,迫使美国政府进行民权改革。从这个意义上讲,该抵制运动开启了美国民权运动的新篇章。

Local civil rights organizations and leaders in Montgomery,especially African American women's organizations and their leaders,played an important role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.As a newcomer,Martin Luther King,Jr.was accepted naturally by different groups because he had no ties to civil rights organizations in Montgomery.Moreover,he was not only an influential preacher in African American communities,but also a charismatic leader for his good education and oratory.As a result,King was elected as the leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association.Under his call,African Americans in Montgomery insisted on non-violent movement,linking their destiny closely to that of the oppressed peoples around the world.King claimed that the Montgomery Bus Boycott was an important part of the compaign against colonialism,imperialism,and racism worldwide.He shaped the boycott as a movement as“to redeem the soul of America”,injecting strong impetus into the civil rights movement and forcing the U.S.government to carry out civil rights reforms.In this sense,the Montgomery Bus Boycott opened a new chapter in the American civil rights movement.