秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代1/3化肥对旱地玉-麦产量、蛋白质含量和化肥利用效率影响

Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Organic Fertilizer Replacing 1/3 Chemical Fertilizer on Grain Yield,Grain Protein and Chemical Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Dryland Maize-wheat Double Cropping System

为研究长期秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代部分化肥对玉-麦一年两熟种植下产量、品质和化肥效率的影响,2015-2020年,依托中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地始于2007年的长期定位试验,设置不施肥对照(CK)、玉米小麦季均常规施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代小麦季1/3氮磷钾化肥(SORF)3个处理,研究2015—2020年玉-麦一年两熟种植下作物产量、化肥利用效率,2019—2020年玉米和小麦籽粒氮磷钾养分含量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量,以及2020年小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。结果表明:(1)SORF处理玉米增产增效作用优于NPK处理,5年平均产量提高10.0%,但二者间小麦和周年产量差异未达显著水平(p>0.05)。(2)施肥显著提高玉米和小麦籽粒氮磷钾含量,其中SORF较NPK处理又显著增加籽粒氮含量,从而使玉米籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量较NPK分别显著提高6.7%和17.8%,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量分别显著提高8.0%和6.3%,周年蛋白质产量显著增加10.8%。(3)SORF和NPK处理较CK均可显著提高小麦籽粒中各蛋白质组分含量及谷醇比,协同提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒品质。SORF较NPK处理还可提高除球蛋白外的其他蛋白组分含量,但谷醇比的增幅不显著。(4)与NPK相比,SORF处理下玉米、小麦和周年的氮肥农学效率分别显著提高54.8%,31.2%和37.3%,氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高10.0%,45.6%和20.7%,小麦、周年的磷(钾)肥农学效率和偏生产力分别提高31.2%,77.3%和45.6%,55.7%。综合来看,秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代1/3化肥(SORF)不仅有利于提高玉米产量,玉米、小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量,以及化肥农学效率和偏生产力,而且可提高小麦籽粒蛋白组分含量,是旱地玉-麦一年两熟区兼顾产量品质效率的施肥模式。

To study the effects of combined straw returning with organic fertilizer replacing partly chemical fertilizer on grain yield,grain quality and chemical fertilizer use efficiency in dryland maize-wheat double cropping system,From 2015 to 2020,based on a long-term field experiment conducted at Luoyang Dry Farming Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,since 2007.There are three treatments,i.e.,no fertilizer control(CK),conventional application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in both maize and wheat season(NPK),straw mulching and organic fertilizer combined with replacing 1/3 of NPK input in wheat season(SORF).The grain yields and fertilizer use efficiencies in maize,wheat and all year from 2015 to 2020,and the grain nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium contents,grain protein contents,grain protein yields of maize and wheat from 2019 to 2020,and the contents of protein and its components in grain of wheat in 2020 were investigated.The results showed that:(1)Compared with the NPK treatment,the 5-year average yield of maize under SORF treatment were increased by 10.0%.However,there was no significant grain yield difference of wheat and all year between NPK and SORF treatments(p>0.05).(2)The grain N,P,K content in maize and wheat was increased significantly with the application of fertilizer.Compared with NPK treatment,SORF significantly increased grain nitrogen content,which significantly increased in protein content and protein yield of maize grain and wheat grain by 6.7%and 17.8%,8.0%and 6.3%,respectively,and annual protein yield increased by 10.8%.(3)SORF and NPK not only increased the contents of each protein component,but also increased the ratio of glutenin/gliadin in wheat grain,and synergistically improving the protein quantity and quality in grain.Compared with the NPK treatment,SORF significantly increased the content of different grain protein component except globulin,but the increase of glutenin/gliadin ratio was not significant.(4)Compared with NPK treatment,the nitrogen agronomic use efficiency under SORF treatment were significantly increased by 54.8%,31.2%and 77.3%in maize,wheat and all year,as well as nitrogen partial productivity by 10.0%,45.6%and 20.7%,respectively,and the phosphate(potassium)agronomic efficiency and partial productivity by 31.2%,77.3%and 45.6%,55.7%in wheat and all year.Above all,SORF could not only improve the grain yield in maize,and the grain protein content,protein yield,as well as agronomic efficiency and partial productivity in maize and wheat,but also improved the contents of different grain protein components in wheat.Therefore,straw mulching combined with organic fertilizers replacing 1/3 of NPK of wheat season was the suitable fertilization model for high yield,high quality and high efficiency in the maize-wheat double cropping system of dryland region.