外泌体在癫痫的诊断与治疗中的应用

Application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy

癫痫是一种常见的神经系统疾病,病因复杂,发作形式多样,不同年龄均可患病。目前虽然有多种抗癫痫发作药物可用,但仍有1/3的患者药物治疗效果差。因此,对癫痫更好的诊断和治疗显得尤为重要。外泌体是直径在30~150 nm的细胞外囊泡,具有强大细胞间信息传递功能,在中枢神经系统中也具有重要的作用。神经细胞释放的外泌体在局部的微环境中能够参与神经的发育和可塑性,调节神经炎症,减少神经元的丢失。而且,研究发现外泌体中的某些蛋白或微小核糖核酸(micro ribonucleic acid,miRNA)与癫痫高度相关,在癫痫的发生发展中出现改变,使其在癫痫的预防和早期诊断中发挥重要的临床意义。此外,外泌体具有更好的生物相容性和更低的免疫原性,其体积小,可以有效地避免单核巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,并且表面携带的蛋白质具有很强的靶向组织或细胞的归巢能力,其还可以穿过血脑屏障到达颅内,因此外泌体具有天然药物输送的优势。本文就外泌体在癫痫领域的应用进行综述,提高科研及临床工作者对外泌体的认识。

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease with complex etiology and various seizure forms.It can affect people of all ages.Although a variety of antiseizure medications are available,one-third of patients still have poor drug treatment.Therefore,better methods for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy are particularly important.Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30~150 nm that have powerful intercellular information transmission functions and also play an important role in the central nervous system.Exosomes released by nerve cells in the local microenvironment can participate in nerve development and plasticity,regulate neuroinflammation,and reduce neuronal loss.Moreover,some proteins or micro ribonucleic acid(miRNA)in exosomes are highly correlated with epilepsy and are changed in epileptogenesis,so they play an important role in the prevention and early diagnosis of epilepsy.In addition,exosomes have better biocompatibility and lower immunogenicity.Its small size can effectively avoid the phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophages.Moreover,the proteins carried on its surface have a strong homing ability to target tissues or cells and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier to the intracranial,so exosomes have the advantage of natural drug delivery.Therefore,this study reviews the application of exosomes in epilepsy to improve the understanding of exosomes in scientific research and clinical workers.