论嵇康对儒家乐教的解构

Ji Kang’s Deconstruction of Confucian Music Education

嵇康《声无哀乐论》的所有论点,其实皆根基于音乐的本质是气这一观念。首先,音乐是天地和合过程中禀气而生成的客观物质,能独立于人而存在。人自身的情感,无法影响到音乐所具备的客观独立性。其次,音乐与人情感的关系是,旋律节奏的“舒急”会使人产生“躁静”之反应。人一旦进入“躁静”状态便会失去平和,从而将事先已积压在内心但并未表现出来的情感状态进行显露。音乐的教化作用、道德意义只表现在是否能帮助人实现平和,这也是雅乐与郑声的根本区别。最后,嵇康与儒家皆提倡以乐为教,二者的分歧主要体现在对乐这一概念的定义上。嵇康并不否定乐教的价值,而是要对究竟什么是乐,音乐与人内在究竟存在什么关系,如何具体实现乐教等根本问题提出异议。嵇康试图以一种符合于其持有的气化宇宙论、自然哲学的音乐观念与乐教主张取代儒家乐教,这是其“越名教而任自然”的一种表现。

All Ji Kang’s theses in Sheng Wu Ai Le Lun is based on the idea that the essence of music is qi.First of all,music is an objective substance generated by nature in the process of harmony between heaven and earth,which can exist independently of human beings.People’s own emotions,such as happiness,sadness and music,can not affect the objective independence of music.Then,the relationship between music and human emotion is that the“ease and urgency”of melodic rhythm will cause people to have a“restless”response.However,once people enter the“manic static”state,people will lose peace,and will have accumulated in the heart but did not show the joys and sorrows,which will enter a certain emotional state.The enlightenment and moral significance of music only lies in whether it can help people achieve peace,which is also the fundamental difference between elegant music and Zhengsheng.Finally,both Ji Kang and Confucianism advocate music as education,and their differences mainly lie in the definition of music.The sound it says does not contain words or lyrics,similar to today’s pure music or pure instrumental music.Therefore,the deconstruction of Confucian music is not to deny the value of music,but to raise objections to the fundamental issues of what music is,what relationship exists between music and human beings,and how to realize music.Ji Kang attempted to replace Confucian music education with a music concept and idea in line with his cosmology and natural philosophy,which is an expression of“surrogating the name of music and leaving it to nature”.