马克思恩格斯实践概念的基本意涵及其理论效应

The Basic Implication of Marx and Engels’Practical Concept and Its Theoretical Effect

在马克思恩格斯经典著作的论述中,个人实践只是经验事实和认识的出发点,并不是他们创立唯物史观的根本基石;对个人实践及其作用的考察,必须将其纳入“一定的生产方式”即生产力与交往形式之间的矛盾运动——物质生产方式实践——中才能得到展开。也就是说,他们是通过在物质生产方式实践中展现个人实践的物质联系、历史继承性来阐述整个人类社会发展的机制及其所表现出来的规律性的。因此,我们应该把马克思恩格斯的实践理解为“物质生产方式实践”,而不是感性直观的、经验事实上的个人实践。只有在这样的意义上我们才能理解马克思对费尔巴哈的批判:既反对把实践看作卑污的犹太人的世俗活动(仅仅关注作为“感性对象”的个人的生产活动而不是“一定的活动方式”下的作为“感性活动”及其背后的物质联系),也反对从人的抽象“类”本质来阐述人的实践活动(在类的意义上抽象地考察人及其活动现象);也只有在这样的意义上,马克思恩格斯所主张的实践的对象性、能动性及其相互作用所呈现出的辩证法思想才能得到系统的贯彻和理解,社会科学中一直存在的个人主义与集体主义的难题才能得到真正的解决。

In the classical works of Marx and Engels,personal practice is only the starting point of empirical facts and cognition,but not the foundation of their historical materialism.The investigation of individual practice and its function can only be carried out in the context of the“certain mode of production”,i.e.,the contradictory movement between the productive forces and the forms of communication and the practice of mode of the material production.They expound the mechanism of the development of the whole human society and its laws by showing the material connection of individual practice and its historical inheritance in the practice of mode of material production.Therefore,we should understand the practice of Marx and Engels as“the practice of the mode of material production”,rather than the perceptual and intuitive experience of the actual personal practice.It is only in this sense that we can understand Marx’s critique of Feuerbach:It is not only opposed to regarding practice as the vulgar secular activity of Jews(focusing only on the productive activity of individuals as the“perceptual object”rather than the“perceptual activity”and the material connection behind it under the“certain mode of activity”),but also opposed to expounding the practical activity of human beings from the abstract“class”nature(examining human beings and their activity phenomena abstractly in the sense of class).Only in this sense can dialectic thought presented by the objectiveness,initiative and interaction of practice advocated by Marx and Engels be systematically implemented and understood,and the gap between individualism and collectivism that has always existed in social science be truly solved.