良知与教化:王阳明的书院实践

Conscience and Enlightenment: the Academy Practice of Wang Yangming

王阳明的“致良知”之教将个体德性的实现与教化民众联系起来,具体落实在书院实践中,表现为重视书院建设,规范书院制度,确立以学为圣贤为目标的书院教育宗旨,从而成就明德亲民的圣人之学。针对以科举为目的的学校教育中存在的支离和功利之弊,王阳明主张书院教育应践行圣人之学,即良知学,以弥补官学教育之不足。在对待举业上,王阳明认为其与圣学并不相悖,可将举业纳入书院的教育之中。王阳明一生的教化活动始终与书院结合在一起,书院实践构成了他立德成己、亲民教化的圣学的重要环节。

Wang Yangming's theory of conscience connected the becoming sages with civilizing people,which was implemented in the practice of academy.The practice was reflected in attaching importance to the construction of academy and standardizing the academy system,and establishing the purpose of academy of learning to be sages so as to achieve the sage learning of illustrious virtue and closeness to the people.Aiming at the disadvantages of triviality and utilitarianism in the school education for the purpose of imperial examinations,Wang Yangming advocated that the academy education should practice the philosophy of mind,so as to make up for the shortcomings of official schools.Wang Yangming believed that the study of being sages was not contrary to the imperial examination,so he incorporated the imperial examination into the education of academy.Wang Yangming's educational activities were always combined with the academy,and the academy practice constituted an important part of his theory of conscience.